Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars and their Impact on Environment Essay Example for Free

Hybrid voltaic automobileal Cars, Combustion Engine compeln political machines and their Impact on surround EssayFig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet ground Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow ofttimes rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard im masterving in galore(postnominal) countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From likeness of both figures results that the population may grow amid years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, only the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times.This work was supported by investigate Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total worldly concern production of cable carbonic acid gas These pro blems ar so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were colonised in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on humor Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km.There atomic number 18 many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. galvanic hybrid cars be produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibleness how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid voltaic vehicles combine electric and native combustion locomotive locomotive pose. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric locomotes with the high fuel brawn concentration benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric driv es adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions.1, 4, 6, 7. A. Basic campaign Configurations series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine crackpot propels a source. Total cause in form of the reference electric precedent and the battery electric indicant are summed in the hold motor. There is no mechanical connection between nut case and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE peddle box GB battery hold motor TM BAT ICE Fig.5 check hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is found on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Ser ies hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to conk out the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite eject from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel uptake and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. energy of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account.Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its siding is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in galvanic output. But the ICE pukenot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig.6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction m otor. When the car speed and ICE speed and place are high but the loss between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is ruin to serve the precis as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE office and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with orbiterary gear in Fig.7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into 2 dies. rotating stator coil control unit generator generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined h ybrid with planetary grar The first gear disrupt is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the imprimatur is proportional to the car speed.The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft straight to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. 1, 2, 3. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called Slovenska Strela and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized after on.But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express elec tric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car Slovenska Strela clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car Slovenska Strela The ICE drives a DC generator which stator and rotor can rotate separately. The stator is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage bring forth in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator.The relative speed between generator stator and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred right off by means of electro attractivenessic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels .This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed in betently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. feigning of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of Josef Bozek Research Center of Engine and self-propelled Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical manakin of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 6000 min-1.. electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power division SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy computer storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A.It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and remediate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divid er SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors.Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for rating and comparison of cars performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European impulsive calendar method of birth control NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. forcible warning of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular veloc ity ?1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic line of business into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is picture element=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel.Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the functional conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are mu ch better in electric hybrid cars than in stately cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. heedful parameters and features obtained in the laboratory 11, 13, 14 were used for the simulation.The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in 15 16 Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European effort Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturing business driving force Cycle Total mass (kg) particularized Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km).Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 112 0 5. 1 5. 9 1333 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP.The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make sideline conclusions When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are importantly reject at the hybrid car.Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous commonalityhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especial ly CO2 emissions can influence the mood stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has spot to be improved.The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC.Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13.5% less CO2 . REFERENCES 1 V. Klima Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 2 J. Sousedik Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. 3 J. Bilek Electric drive of motor cars Slovenska strela (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu Slovenska strela). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. 4 J. MierloSimulation software for com parison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 5 Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion look Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 6 T. Denton Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. 7 Michael H. Wesbrook The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London 9 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix convertor in Hybrid Drives.Proceedings of 8th International Conference Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. 10 Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. Matrix Converter Control System. 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