Computer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Computer - Assignment recitationFrom the ikon, it is clear that engineering science has to be employed in order to provide a superb settlement for the sturdy designing concept.Therefore, that objective was well met. Besides, the other important concept is the description of the image that proves the depiction characterizes a bad design. The essay clearly explains the picture describing the four buttons on it. It talks about the twain lights, which are switches and two arrows, which give information about the direction of turning on and off (Ursula 2007). The particular that the description of the picture has a direct association and is consistent with the picture makes it incredible. The explanation as well as brings in the concept of technology because the aspect of light and arrows on switches it is all about advancement of technology. Therefore, this objective was also well met and clearly brought out.The last and quite important concept is the fact that the essay provides the firmness for the bad design. There is no way, for example, a doctor can examine a patient, make a diagnosis and then explain the entire issue of illness to the patient but fail to treat him. at a time a problem is identified and examined well, there must be a way to find solution for the problem. As a matter of fact, that the essay identified the problem of bad design and illustrated it well, thus, it had to scrape up with the solution to the problem so that the same mistakes are not repeated (Ursula 2007). Therefore, the objective was well met.The abridgment is clear enough as it addresses the concept of Bad Design essay. It begins from looking at how the issue of technology was implemented on the picture. The fact that the device can light up by just insistence a button clearly implies that technology was used in making it. In order to come up with a good design in a mechanical device requires a attractor of research and involvement of

Policy Problem in Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Problem in Public Policy - Essay ExampleThe true character of a policy problem whitethorn be revealed in policy evaluation therefore the two are complementary to each another(prenominal)s existence. In this context, we will further discuss the nature of a policy problem with an example. As far as the income policy in the US goes, there has been an increasing trend towards inequality in recent decades. In this regard, there have been large changes in U.S. appraise rules over time. These changes have gone(a) ahead to make a considerable difference to what is reported as income on individual tax returns. With these tax changes encouraging thousands of businesses to switch from filing down the stairs the corporate tax system to filing under the individual tax system, various studies of inequality that are founded on tax return data invariably end up excluding transfer payments, which results in exaggerating the shares of income received by those at the baksheesh by ignoring ontogeny amounts of income at the bottom. This may be defined as the basic policy problem in the US income policy.With a consistent fall in the top tax rates on wages or capital gains, there has been an increase in the reported incomes, where a larger percentage of the incomes of those at the top tend to feature in the tax returns.

Individual Work Critical Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual Work Critical Review - date ExampleThe group members worked on different tasks including creating a uniform design, video, and presentation of the content. match to Strang, (2013), once the king-sized image is in focus, it is necessary to form the implementation approach and plan. This starts with a detailed assessment of some(prenominal) aspects including specific training needs, present and proposed technology.The web design we created had consistency both on mobile screens and desktop, where we make up that it was easier to keep dependable brand uniqueness. There was also no extra style guides that needed to be linked to several parties, like different interventions for the desktop and mobile types of our site. This made it easy for individuals to distinguish the website, careless(predicate) of where, and how they would visit the site.The group members have enjoyed the reliability that has seen the success of the media website.Since the usability is vital for any website that is responsive and user-friendly, our group website visitors had punter relationship with our brand especially when they recognized our Wix site on mobile, they also had knowledge of how to use it. According to Phillips and others (2012) usually a regular content and style is essential since the majority of users do not acquit it to be unique because they use different devices. An important feature of good usability is meeting nonpareils users expectations. If one manages to do that, then they may vex less trouble navigating their website. WiX site makes it easy for its readers to rate the site on the devices while maintaining a positive users experience. Moreover, a good experience raises the chance of many repeat visits (Strang, 2013). Our group website has experienced better usability that has ensured its success.The group also enjoyed a puny maintenance cost since the website had a responsive design where one is only needed to sustain one website. Although the l ayout fluctuates, the

Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham capital of Nebraska - Research Paper ExampleThe member has in any case discussed about his role in binding both the North and the South and peace which has been brought payable to his efforts. However, despite his mild and good-hearted character, his followers seem to be provoked on his death and efforts were make subsequently to change his character and his nature. For example, soldieryy attempted to make a pious and religious man despite the fact that he was not interested in being following religion the style people were following it. (Time)Article by Jon Swaine which appeared in Telegraph on Feb 11, 2011 suggested that till his last days, Lincoln wanted free black slaves to be shipped to British colonies. This article suggests that though Lincoln was an anti-slavery politician who took mulish efforts to denounce slavery in the country and freed four million slaves in America however, was interested in idea of sending slaves to British colonies. The overall purpose o f this idea was to disallow blacks to live among American whites. This and so creates an impression that Lincoln was supporter of colonialism and relatively held racist views about blacks. This article attempts to challenge one of the expose assumptions about Lincoln and his overall images which emerged over the period of time. (Swaine)The article Lincoln Reconsidered discusses about his time as a politician before and during civil war. This essay argues about the basic political philosophies of Lincoln and argues against the normal notion that Lincoln was an archetypal republican and a person who attempted to reconstruct the ideological differences amidst different groups within the country. Author therefore gives an entirely different version about the way he considers Lincoln as the republican or not. Author argues that it was not only Lincoln who was advocating against slavery and other ills of American society at that time but Newspapers as well as other Republicans were a lso voicing same concerns. (Holt)The above articles

Research In Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research In Business Management - Essay workoutIn this literature review, heterogeneous works of literature on racism in the retail persistence of the United kingdom shall be critically reviewed. The aim of the researcher shall be to analyze the opinion of various reviewers on what racism is and how it started, laws that protect people against racism and discrimination, effects of racial discrimination on the appendage of the United Kingdom retail industry and how racism in the retail industry of the United Kingdom can be stopped. Racism explained Several reviewers see and explain racism just from a purview of ethic or racial background. To this effect, they make the discrimination against people based on their skin coloration as the major definition of racism. In this function, Ellis-Christensen (2011) explains racism as the discrimination against people based on their race after explaining that commonly, but not always, people are categorized into one of five races White, B lack, Latino or Hispanic, Asian, and Indigenous or Native. Racism however goes beyond the discrimination of people based on their race or ethic background. In fact, limiting racism to discrimination against people based on their race would mean that racism cannot take place among two people belonging to one of the vi sects mentioned by Ellis-Christensen (2011). ... With his explanation, it can established that two people may be of the same skin garble or race but by the mere fact that one is from a different guinea pig or ethic origin can result in one of the fellows showing acts of racism against the other. Laws direct against racial discrimination at the workplace Since racial discrimination is a human rights issue, various countries move over laws that guides against it. In the United Kingdom, there are national laws that guide against racial discrimination at the workplace. These laws are very necessary because as noted by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Developme nt (2011), everyone should pee-pee a right to get even access to employment and when employed should have equal pay and equal access to training and development. In this regard, Section 1 of The Race Relations Act 1976 (Amendment) Regulations 2003 gives emphatic scenarios that do racial discrimination at the workplace and by extension in the retail sector. As a law, the breach of the binding rules comes with daring consequences to offenders (The National Archives, 2003). The researcher is however concerned with the implementation of the laws as the aliment of the law can never be enough if enforcement is not ensured thereof. In 2005 for instance the Abercrombie & Fitch lawsuits direct award checks to the over ten thousand class members who submitted valid claim forms in accordance with the process set forth by the Court in the April 2005 settlement order, most of which had to do with racial discrimination (Alvarez, 2005). This not withstanding, Barmes and Ashtiany (2003) report of how various retail companies have their own laws and regulations that guides against racial discrimination. Effects of racial discrimination on the UK retail industry

Art work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art work - Essay patternFrom the artwork, I can see a lot of amazing things. First, I see a genuinely large compound composed of a building that looks like a temple. It stands out conspicuously turn up for e realone to clearly see exactly what it is. From inside, there are other panels and small firedrakes which surround the scallywag. Also determine is a well-curved sculpture of Buddha. This is quite symbolic because it has a significant role to play in the lives of Chinese Buddhists who regard the Dragon Monkey as a spiritual figure in their religion. Basically, as already hinted, the artwork can be related to the carry Money A Folktale of China in which the author was aiming at providing a detailed story of the mysterious and magical paths of the Dragon Monkey in his pursuit for heavenly powers. As examined by Wu in this book, the Dragon Monkey passed through a very long journey before eventually becoming a spiritual figure in Buddhism.At one point, Wu describes the dragon, This determination it was that led him to leap clear of the toils of Re-incarnation and turned him at last into the Great Monkey Sage, equal of Heaven (Page 14-15). This shows that he was a respected religious figure whose powers were legitimately granted and supra those of anyone else. From this statement, the Dragon Monkey was indeed a respected and revered deity amongst the Buddhists. The descriptions given in the book relate to the panting. The compound shown in the painting clearly shows how religious these people were. Also, the attachment given to the dragon indicates that it was Buddha himself who would determine how he would control the life of his followers. When he chose to use the Dragon Monkey, everyone had to accept because he was their boilersuit father.In conclusion, the lessons learnt from the Ceiling from the Hall of Great Wisdom (Dazhidian) at the Temple of Wisdom Attained (Zhihuasi), capital of Red China and Monkey A Folktale of China proves that art is

Case Study - Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case charter - Research Proposal - Essay ExampleThis diminishes their quality of life and increase health c atomic number 18 be even though early detection can either prevent or lessen or postpone some of the emotional social and debilitating physical effects that these impairments have on the old people (Parmeleet al, 1992).The major key issue that I have encountered in this field is that those who have the accountability of taking care of the aged always have a negative opinion towards the behavior of the aged people they claim that, the aged are too demanding and always complaining. In addition to poor shop and loss of important sense which disable them to understand, reason and act as expected and due to these complications they take in an unpleasant relationship with nurses in care homes and public in general and this sometimes results in neglect, make fun and mistreatment (Lau et al, 2001).Nursing homes should be located in a serene cool environment free of each form of disturbances and pollution with access to shops public transport and most importantly close to family and friends. It should also be designed such that it contains-These properties ease work and abase e stressing conditions experienced by nurses. A breast feeding home should also contain occupational and recreational facilities for the needs of its residents (Parmeleet al, 1992). ... A nursing home should also contain occupational and recreational facilities for the needs of its residents (Parmeleet al, 1992). There should be also sufficient security to experience maximum safety and must of course comply with the building regulations and with general fire and safety rules since the homes are required to provide the residents with comfort.A nursing home must ensure that suitable, sufficient, nutrition and a categorization of food is provided since dietary restriction on medical or religious grounds must be common also involving the residents in planning meal time and choice of f ood will reduce the rate of conflicts (Zerhusen et al, 1991)(ii) Education and prepareNurses area very busy due to the amount of work knobbed in nursing homes and must be in relatively good physical shape. They should also be good in communication skills in order to deal effectively with their patients by practicing good earshot and giving clear directions to both patients and aides (Zerhusen et al, 1991). This is essential in dealing with human suffering and emergencies. In addition to fostering mutual understanding between the nurses and aged, the nurses must completely undergo through didactics in state approved practical nursing programs, which can be offered through community based, and technological programs.Also periodic licensing renewal is essential where the nurses are interviewed and their performance scrutinized and their service record checked (McCurren et al, 1999). In the improvement of prompt service provision new technology has to be implemented and this calls f or further training of the nurses in regard to new systems and equipments introduced. Educating the nurses increases their understanding attitude and insight in

Assignment Essay and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5

Assignment and Discussion Forum in Sociology Week 5 - Essay Exampleed status and achieved status and very often the ascribed status of an individual is conferred at birth or current involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individuals have little or no control, such as race, ethnicity, age and gender (Kendall, p. 105). However, it is possible for an individual to subscribe to achieved statuses in ones life with hard work, personal competence, personal choice and successful competition. There is a close tie beam between ascribed statuses and achieved ones indeed, it should also be kept in mind that factors such as race, ethnicity and gender ar most likely to diminish ones opportunity to reach higher realms of achieved statuses. It can therefore be concluded that people who are privileged by their positive ascribed status are more likely to develop positive achieved status whereas those who are disadvantaged by ascribed status tend to acquire negative achie ved status (Kendall, p. 105).For a person who occupies different statuses, it is his master status that dominates over all others and determines his loving position. According to Hughes (1945), a persons master status is the most important status a person occupies it dominates all of the individuals other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a persons general social position (Kendall, p. 105). Factors such as a persons race, ethnicity and religious identity can very often constitute the master statuses for individuals. In any hostelry or community where racial discrimination, ethnic bias and religious prejudices prevails, the dominant group members tend to whiz out members of other groups as inferior on the basis of real or alleged physical, cultural or nationality characteristics (Kendall, p. 106). The social identities of ethnic minorities are most likely to be perceived based on their ethnicity or race. Factors such as a persons race, ethnicity and religio us identity constitute as the

Learning in the Learning Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning in the Learning Organisation - Essay ExampleGenerally speaking, short- compounding scheme is an agreement which gives an opportunity to its employees to learn such skills that table service them develop lordly. Organizations do protagonist their employees to learn more as it adds value to the institutions human resource and help the company to sustain its competitive advantage in the market. To be a learning makeup is also all-important(prenominal) because of the change that now takes place very pronto in the market and it is incumbent for the organizations to hold track of these changes (Senge, 1994). Learning organizations Though many researches have been conducted on the area of learning organizations and to define the concept, but no definite definition has yet been provided. Some of the definitions attached by some researchers are as under According to Senge (1990), organizations which provide its employees an opportunity to develop their professional skills in order to achieve job targets more effectively are called learning organizations. Moreover, such organization also allows its employees to think more creatively and innovative ideas are welcomed. Idea of a learning organization could not be instituted in an organization with out support of top management because it is always upper berth level management who decides the organisational mission and commands it to the whole organization. ... Its important for any business to change itself according to the market needs and state its procedures parallel with the changing environment. Employees in learning organizations enhance their skills and abilities to keep pace with the changing needs of the business. Such organizations not only encourage learning at individual level but of organization as a whole. Moreover, results achieved from such learning is implemented to improve the organizational working and get better business results. For an organization it is also important to have su ch systems and procedures that help make it learning organization and keep it updated with the changes in external environment. An organization must adopt a learning approach towards its procedures and employees must get acquainted with the systems that are implemented to cope with the change. It is also important that such an environment is created in the organization which is flexible and allows employees to participate. Such a flexible environment would help the workers to share their experiences and learning with each other. Moreover, employees must get self-development opportunities in order to enhance their professional skills at independent level and collaboratively participate in the progress of the organization (Smith, 1999). Pre-requisites of a learning organization For an organization to become a learning organization, there are some requirements that must be met. Senge (1990) has explained five major(ip) requirements which an organization must meet in order to be a learn ing organization. These pre-requisites are as under 1. Shared Visions It is important for an organization to have a shared vision because it gives a intend for existence to an organization.

Armstrong Gets Dumped by Shelly Banjo Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Armstrong Gets Dumped by Shelly Banjo - phrase ExampleThis article fork overs the reader an insight into Armstrongs doping scandal. It shows how this issue began, and its final implications, which leave Armstrong in a negative light. Most importantly, the US-Anti Doping Agency (USADA) declares Armstrong guilty of doping, based on a 200-page report with intensive details, which horizontal surface to the fact that Armstrong ran a complex doping operation. It is decided that he is a drug cheat when he fails to take hold himself against these allegations. What follows is the stripping off all his seven Tour de France wins. Different organizations he collaborated with deny him and promise to cut off business relations with him. For example, Nike terminates his contract abruptly, while some cycling chiefs from International Cycling Union (UCI) get hold of Armstrong to repay all the prize money from the stripped winnings from 1998-2005, and he resigns as the chairperson of Livestrong , his crabmeat foundation (The Wall Street Journal).In this article, the author takes a neutral stand, as she uncomplete supports nor condemns any of the parties involved in this whole issue. The author only reports on the facts as they are, and does not give a personal opinion on the overall issue. This is a commendable approach, essential in reporting, for virgule avoidance.Armstrongs doping scandal raises many concerns in the cycling amusement, as doping is mentioned as a trend among some cyclists. Nonetheless, doping, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency is illegal. One of the reasons is that it adversely affects the health of the involved athletes, and is considered cheating in sport (Porterfield, 2007).

The Effect of Online English Courses for Teaching English Grammar on Essay

The Effect of Online face Courses for Teaching English Grammar on Distance Students Achievement at the University of Dammam - Essay ExampleA Proposal Submitted as a urgency for the PhD in Education. Introduction Since the 1990s, technological advances ca-ca led to an increase in the integration of web-based and web-enhanced resources into instructional practices (Rodriguez, Ooms, Montanez &Yan, 2005). Considered the most powerful technologies to change the face of education, computers and the internet have caused a revolution, forcing the reformulation of curricula and the way it is exileed (Ameneh, 2011). With this revolution and development in the strength of delivery and presentation of knowledge, an increase in lifelong learning has been observed (Medford, 2004). As a return of the increasing demand for learning at all levels of society and in many different circumstances, Saudi-Arabian Arabia (S.A.) has started delivering online courses. In S.A., online learning has been used to offer learning opportunities to students who are unable to attend an institute for several(a) curtilages, e.g. on medical grounds, due to living in remote areas, or because they are over 25 years old. Online learning has many advantages for students and also for faculties. For example, it offers learning opportunities at any time, in any repair and in a way adapted to modern lifestyles (Perry & Pilati, 2011). It also provides extra time for the students to apprehend the real(a) and understand more abstract concepts through the application of different types of media (Perry & Pilati, 2011 Rose & Billinghurst, 1996). Moreover, online learning has proved to have many positive effects on student behavior, motivation, communication, and achievement (Samuel & Baker, 2005), e.g. it can encourage students creativity, problem-solving, communication, collaboration and self-learning skills (Ameneh, 2011). In what concerns benefits for faculties, online learning provides a chance to be purposeful in their teaching (Perry & Pilati, 2011). It is an opportunity of sharing workload amongst staff and can include collaboration with other faculties. Content may also be reinforced and modified, while satisfying the needs of different learning styles (Tang & Byrne, 2007). Furthermore, faculties can manage students progress more slow by using the different management tools applied in the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) to deliver the course. Taking into good will the advantages mentioned above, it is understandable the increasing number of students in S.A., who have demanded online learning over the give out few years. This process is also supported by companies gradual acceptance of online degrees, and the universities that offer them. The University of Dammam (U.D.) in S.A. started delivering online courses in January, 2012 to distance students in 2, out of its 28 colleges. Currently, all the departments in the Arts College offer online degrees, except the Engli sh Language department. Faculties in the English department are reluctant to use online learning techniques. A reason for this reluctance is the belief that technology cannot support or replace face-to-face (F2F) learning and teaching methods. Findings of this interrogation may give the chance for reconsideration of this reluctance. Research Problem and Objectives U.D. adopted Blackboard as their VLE in 2011 for all students, both on-campus and distance learners. U.D. offers a BA in English language due to the consideration of English as the

The importance of recruitment and selection of sales people Essay

The importance of recruitment and selection of sales people - Essay ExampleEffective recruitment involves the identification of certain qualities which duty tour success. Certain people are imbued with that prime(a) of good salesmanship and have the ability to pop forth that quality of sincerity and integrity that certain people are imbued with that quality of good salesmanship and have the ability to out forth that quality of sincerity and integrity that encourages customers to purchase a product. The focus of good recruitment is in equalizeing the capabilities, talents and skills of a particular candidate with the demands and requirements for the job. There must be transparency and uniformity in the recruitment process, in beau monde to identify the most meritorious candidates available for a sales job. The trend in which the recruitment is carried out will affect the kind of candidates who get selected finally. During the process of recruitment, the selectors need to match up the best candidate for the job by an evaluation of the needs of the job and the qualities of the candidate, in order to determine which candidate is best likely to fulfill the needs of the job.

International environment policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International environment policy - Assignment Example(2) realism cashbox began its operations at Bretton Woods in 1944 at that time, the Bank intended to assist the European countries to rebuild themselves after the Second World War. Some of the purposes of the bank embroil (I) Overcome poverty to spur growth to the nigglingsighted countries mostly in Africa. (II) To offer reconstruction of the poor countries as they come out of war to end extreme poverty. (III) Spur governments to address communicable diseases multinational financial crisis, promote free trade, and prevent climate change.(3) IMF opened its doors in July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. cardinal different countries agreed to create a body to oversee economic cooperation, prevent financial upthrust and currency devaluations. Two years on 46 nations met and agreed to establish IMF that currently has 188 member nations. IMF sets the world(a) monetary policy to foster monetary stability, fix balance of pay ments issues, and facilitate trade. IMF allows member nations to access short term financing that can reduce the poverty rates.(4) Mission of IMF include to oversee the international monetary system, promote exchange stability, assist the member states in development agenda, supplement currency reserves utilise special drawing rights. The organization has $215 gazillion at its disposal and a staff of 2300 from 182 member countries. The mission of World Bank include promote economic development on the poor countries, assist countries using long financing, provide the poorest countries with special financial assistance, and encourage the development of private enterprises. The organization has a total of $184 billion with a staff of 7000 from 180 member countries.(5) The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) began its operation during the 1960 Baghdad Conference. The five-spot founding members included Venezuela, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,

Future of Physical Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Future of Physical Geography - Essay physical exercise at that place atomic number 18, also, other meteorological factors that make up the temper for a certain region and causes variations all over a period of time. There are several different theories used to see and study temper changes over short and long periods of time. The Thornthwaite system uses the study of temperature and precipitation as well as examine animal species, their diversity and how it impacts climate changes. The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic system focuses mainly on the origin or air masses that make up the climate of a certain region. Paleoclimatology is the study of antediluvian climates. Since education and study of climates was not prevalent until the 19th century, this sheath of climate study uses non-biotic evidence such as sediments assemble in lakebeds, ice cores, tree rings and coral. Historical time spans show that thither are a number of variables that determine climate which include, lati tude, altitude, percent proportion of land to pissing, and the location to oceans and mountains. other factor that plays a role and is more regional, are warming of the oceans and how the heat is distributed between land and water Also, density of vegetation and how it affects solar heat absorption, retention of water, and rainfall regionally. Alterations in atmospheric greenhouse gases determine the amount of solar energy retained by our planet. This, in turn, leads to global warming or cooling. There are many variables that determine our weather, and they all interact with each other in various regions to give differing climates. In the next few paragraphs I will break down the different climates and show their characteristics. Differing climate range from the moist dampness of the rain forests to the dry air of the deserts, and others in between. The rain forests are typically characterized by high rainfall. This area sightlys between 69 inches and 79 inches of rain per soci o-economic class. The temperatures in this climate average also around 64 degrees during all the months of the year. A Monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind, which can become for months at the time. It usually is the onset of a regions rainy season. The areas known for this climate are North America, mho America, the lower Saharan Africa, Australia and Eastern Asia. A Tropical Savanna is a grassland biome located in a semi-humid area of subtropical and tropical latitudes. The average temperatures in these areas are 64 degrees year round. The rainfall in this type of area averages 30 to 50 inches in a year. This type of climate is also found in India, Malaysia, Australia and some northern parts of South America. The Humid Subtropical climate zone is associated with rangy storms of winter snowfall and rainfall. However, near rainfall during the summer months consists of thunderstorms and a few tropical cyclones. These climatic areas are located roughly between latitudes 20 degree s and 40 degrees away from the equator and on the east side continents. A Humid Continental climate is characterized by variable weather patterns and large variance in seasonal temperatures. These areas usually see temperatures averaging 50 degrees in the warm months and 26.6 degrees in the cooler months. An Oceanic Climate is most often found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of the entire worlds continents. This type of climate can be found also in Australia and characterized by heavy rainfall year round. Hot, dry summers and cool

Third assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Third assignment - Essay ExampleHe does this with and through combining discussions of ape behavior, ethnographies, cognitive studies, mental research, hormonal and neurological studies. He clearly points out the inconsistency between sexual love and nurturing love. To him these two have different evolutionary origins and creates opposite psychological demands. To Goldschmidt, continue famish is a biological instrument for cultivation affection, for instance he explains that affect thirst realize infants to comply with orders from their guardians so as to be taught their language and regulations. Goldschmidt goes ahead and states that much as affect hunger provides an incentive scheme for language learning and other institutions of culture it is a motivation for societal politeness all through life of a compassionate being in the society. Goldschmidt,( 200613), Abraham Maslow selected love and liking and belongingness desires little important only than continued existence a nd physiological requirements. With the signifi discountce of support to human endurance and wellbeing, Goldschmidt poses an line of merchandise that evolutionary push on human being is non mere cutthroat but human child need to encourage their mothers to care for them. According to research it is revealed that affect for hunger is evident in infants especially when infants have bodily contact and proximity to their mothers affects their sleep patterns and even in regulating their bodies through protection. Due to the need for contact human infants have sociophilic qualities that appear to have no other turn but to encourage, make possible and reward social interaction such as laughing, smiling, imitating and facial expressions. Goldschmidt,(2005,29)these traits apprize be traced back to the neonatal trick and keep mothers attention to their infants. Goldschmidt provides a perfect weighted fellowship to understanding of the origins and importance of affect in human beings. For instance the focus on the mother-child links as the origin of human being socially, apart from social interactions among grownups. This is the most interesting suggestions that Goldschmidt. More often than not evolution significance of social behaviors is premise on mating activities. This appears much less plausible since the two bonding between the male and the female is much less vital compared to the mother-infant bonding. Bonding pair in human beings is universal. For instance, it must be contended with the painful evidence experiences that human are not the best at making two bonding, Goldschmidt,( 2006123). And that male does not stick around to assist in raising their preteen ones. He further outlines the cultural variations in child upbringing, processes of learning and evolution of culture. Goldschmidt discusses on affect of hunger and its significance on an account of evolution and the increase of altruism and social among others. To him pressures of natural selection ca n be favorable to a particular gene only if the gene displays an attribute that makes ones relatives more indisputable to exist since that relative has the tendency to carry several of the particular one gene. From this we suppose there is a mean selective way to altruism and this is an advantage simply because it creates that genes more likely to survive in those assist to survive even if their replica in our bodies reduce.. I this case therefore to ones advantage to be selfish on altruism.

Group Development Application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

congregation Development Application - Assignment ExampleThe workforce that companies, businesses, and foundations have is the first if not the key cipher in any start up. This means, selecting the right skills, right professionals, and the right advice for the foundation. To collect data at the sign start of the project, the foundation leave hire 100 employees on a one-off contract basis. These personnel ordain be responsible for data collection, analysis and drawing out conclusions. They will be composed of professional qualitative data research and analyst who argon unit leaders. The other 70 personnel be capable elites that will not take us a century to train.Another group will be operating at our head office located in the capital city Nairobi. They are composed of 50 professionals and 15 casual workers hired on permanent terms and conditions. Professionals workers from a mixture of fields including human resource managers, accountants, field agents and counselors among other staff that will come up handy, of splendor and goes along the mission statement. We have to maintain a high standard service code to be able to succeed.To justify utilization of different groups of this vastness is that it involves duties that lease the utmost team upwork and understanding. There are proficient personnel and the casuals that work in the organization. Groupings of personnel are done that is comprised of personnel from various regions and backgrounds. The entire team has to work together. A mixture of workers will submit duties, when there is a need to respond to accredited special needs. Without which my leadership is doomed (Coetzer, 2007)Challenges are inevitable wherever we are on the face of the world. We need to hope for challenges only when we are ready. As a leader, I will learn to handle challenges sequential such groupings. Time and again teams will have frictions here and there. Given that people are do of who, where, how, and what experience a nd natural

Rusell’s Theory of Reference Essay Example for Free

Rusells Theory of Reference auditionLanguage is very powerful. It disregard isolate unitary individual or all(prenominal)owed it to communicate with other people. We explicate a lot of skills and knowledge through the use of wording. We utilise diction for cultural adaptation. or so thinkers would righteous put it that way, accept vocabulary as part of our mundane existence, while others were engrossed on it. much than its social signifi plunderce wizard nuclear number 50not deny that wording is important to the discourse of man thus just ab go forth scholars put much value on the power of dustup in solving the puzzles in life. The organize of language became a preoccupation not just by linguistics but even by school of thought.It is the hope of philosophy in untangling the mess on the previous era. But before atomic number 53 would even speak of solving puzzles, s/he is already caught in the question as to what is the link of language to the real military man? Is there a populace exterior the rules of language? With that we begin to center the underlying themes and issues in the development of philosophy of language. One of the issues concerning philosophers of language is, in what way can language represent the world. Moreover, do names pertains to the things themselves, as we experienced them?Is our description of the world the exact replica of the world? These are questions that not only Philosophy of language discussed but even those interested in metaphysics. If during the cadence of Descartes, philosophers are preoccupied with the debate between realism and idealism, in looking at the philosophy of language one can see that this debate did not die out but was transformed into a more investigative one such that scholars do not only discuss the world outside our representation of it, but also the connection between words, thoughts, subject matters, reality and truth.In tracing the development of philosophy, one could conclu de that philosophy undergone three stages at first, ancient philosophers such as Parmenides and Heraclitus were concern about the world of world (or cosmos),second stage is the world of ideas, were the interest of thinkers includes, the dichotomy between the body and the mind, or of reality and ideas, and lastly is the world of language, were philosophers recognized the muddles of philosophy in the past particularly in the branch of metaphysics is due to the problems in language.How can one expressed or represent the world through language? Are the meanings we interrelate with the words have several(prenominal)thing to do with reality? It is in this light that logic was employed by some thinkers in trying to explain the connection of words with the thing itself. Does the word chicken for instance pertains to something out there? Are the twain thing the same or independent with each other? These allow be explored in the succeeding parts focusing specifically on the hypothesis of germ by Bertrand Russell coupled with the reaction of his protege Ludwig Wittgenstein.These two analytical philosophers became very influential that Time magazine(2003) even considered them as two of the 100 most important people of the Century. At first, the theory of reference must be clarified. What do the philosophers such as Russell mean by reference? Reference pertains to the tattle derived from the expression and what the person used to talk about such expression (Reimer 2003). The major question is in what way words can refer? Or what are the rules in referring? This concern about reference is also in relation to truth and meaning.Russell, considered as a descriptivist, believed in the description theory whereby proper name do refers because of the descriptive content associated with it by the speaker (Reimer 2003). However he also clarified that proper names can vary from one speaker to another. For example, Peter (one person) may be called by someone as her son, and c onserve by another. As opposed to Frege, Russell go further in explaining that definite descriptions are not authentically referring expressions because they are not coherently proper names (Ibid). In his collaboration with Whitehead, Russell developed his ideas that mathematical truths can be translated to lawful truths. This reduction of Logic to Mathematics is known as Logicism. Maybe one would asked, wherefore is there a collect for this? Russell together with Whitehead wanted to provide solution in the difficulties of language which is why they look at the possibility that formal rules of logic could help solve the problem. This new custom in Philosophy marked the attitude of a philosopher in understanding the world by learned the opportunities and limitations impinge on us by language.Rusell became known in analytical philosophy also because of his theory of logical atomism (Klement2005). This was derived or grew from the initial collaboration with Whitehead. According t o this view, all truths are dependent upon spirit level of atomic facts (Ibid). He proposed that elements of certain theories be breakdown into simple forms (atoms). Russells idea also suggests that atomic propositions are logically independent with each other. Logical atomism is possible when formal logic provides the rules by which we can translate ideal language into their simple, atomic facts and put them in a meaningful context.Upon sightedness Russells discussion, one of the greatest analytic philosopher has also something say about logic and about reference in relation to truth. The Early Wittgenstein ( He was called as such because the later Wittgenstein in the Philosophical probe totally abandoned his assumptions in this early writing), published his known book, Tractatus Logico-Philosopicus which became an a logical piece which explains the metaphysical world.This book was closely linked with Bertrand Russells philosophy because it tries to continue some of his ideas an d at the same age serve as a reaction to it. The book basically address the problem of the world and language in philosophy. Wittgenstein (1922) believed that the world is represented by thought. His conception of the world is different with the logical atomists in a way that he believed it is made up of facts instead of objects. Wittgensteins idea of the world is unique because he considered thoughts and propositions as pictures of the world.Wittgensteins investigation in the Tractatus serves to find the limits of the world, thought and language (Ibid). As a outcome of this, he believed that one can only represents through meaningful propositions factual state of affairs that are capable of being pictured. Although he made it clear that the pictorial representations of the world show themselves through logical propositions but they cannot be said. Language therefore serve its function in showing or see this facts.Facts according to him are constructed in complex one thus making what one called the world. It must be said that in the Ordinary language tradition, a different Wittgenstein, proposed philosophical investigations with ordinary language and not some theory still trapped within the muddles of philosophy. Wittgenstein for instance would say, that instead of worrying yourself about the meaning of life and trying to look for some explanations (either logical or theological), one should understand how does s/he lives her/his life and is s/he happy in the process.Also in the latter Wittgenstein it was shown his theory the need for individuals to speak the same language. This was advanced in his idea on language games whereby, if one would look the world, one would realized that there are assorted use and context of language. That an individual before engaging into the language game should first need to know the rules to be in context.This view is quiet similar to capital of Texass theory in the Philosophy of Language entitled, How to do things with Wo rds. In as much as it is interesting to discussed the ordinary language theory in detail as part of the analytic tradition, it would be systematic to go back to the discussion of analytical philosophy in general. Going back to Russells theory, its contribution to analytic philosophy is that it became an offshoot for the development Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus that further lead to other strands of analytic philosophy. found from the previous discussion one would realized why analytical philosophy is linked with philosophy of language.Some accounts also called analytical philosophy as ordinary language philosophy but not all thinkers are comfortable to used the terms interchangeably . Russell and Wittgenstein tried to solve some of the problems in philosophy by using logical analysis that would analyze the role of language to reality. The used of language depart able the thinkers to solve philosophical problems. This was explicitly mentioned by Wittgenstein in the Tractatus, the limits of my language means the limits of my world. As an overview of the analytical philosophy, the individual must realized that even though some philosophers adhere to the need for formal and logical analysis, others prefer to used ordinary language theory. Within the Analytic tradition there are various forms such as logical positivism, logical atomism, and ordinary language philosophy. Philosophers are even divided base on these strands. We can only hope that maybe in the future language could provide meanings that would exculpate us in our search for knowledge.

Shinto Illustration Essay Example for Free

Shintoist Illustration Essay on that point are many religions in the world. Some are more well- cognise than others. One of the lesser known Asian religions is the japanese religion, Shinto. Unless a person travels to Japan or can interact with someone who is voluntary to share a little virtually his or her religion, no one will know anything about it. Shinto is ancient native religion of Japan still practiced in a soma modified by the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism (Infoplease.com, 2014). According to Molloy (2013), Shinto has no known person or assort as its founder. In fact, its mysterious origins date back to the ancient community of Japan and their stories of how the world came into being. Its pursuit of this religion rarely know the name of the deity they are worshiping, nor do they care to, because their concern lies in whether they can feel its existence. Many aspects contribute to Shintoism in its entirety including temperament, the kami, shrines, ceremo nies, purging, and festivals.It wasnt until the invasion of Buddhism into Japan that forces the people to give the religion its name. The main aspects of the practice of Shinto are affinity with natural beauty, harmony with spirits, and purification rituals. The people believe in the divine to be all around them because the beauty and power of nature surrounded them. However, Shinto is more than a nature religion it also has ethnic and family dimensions. The people of Japan also worship the spirits of their departed ancestors or great leaders of the past. As it has already mentioned the ingress of Buddhism into Japan in the sixth century AD force Shinto to define itself. It then became a complicated process because Shinto belief is so similar to that of the Mahayana Buddhism. Even with the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism, Shinto did not die out.In fact, it took a man name Mutsuhito to step up to the plate and take everyplace the reign of Emperor to get things moving and re instate the Shinto religion to its fullest capacity. Shinto even became anational religion, where shrines received national status and priest became official government employees. Unfortunately, it did not stay that way. Japans licking in World War II brought the disentanglement of the State Shinto the Emperor destroyed its header foundation as well as denouncing his divinity. Shinto shrines were returned to private religious practice, and all religions were equal footing. Theoretically, Shinto became strictly private religion but in reality it retains a special place in national life (Molloy, 2013).In its present form Shinto is characterized less by religious precept or belief than by the observance of popular festivals, traditional ceremonies, and customs, many involving pilgrimages to shrines. Currently, there is no irresponsible and no formulated code of morals (Infoplease.com, 2014). However, Shinto practice is usually wherever large Nipponese communities exist. The common religious practice that still exists today are worship at Shrines, Celebration of the mod Year, Observance of the seasons and nature, and other Shinto practices such as daily worships in an individuals home. annexeInfoplease.com Shinto. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/shinto-history-development.html Molloy, M. (2013). Experiencing The Worlds Religions Traditions, Challenge, and Change (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Role of Ammonia in Hepatic Encephalopathy Essay Example for Free

Role of Ammonia in liverwort brain disorder EssayThe human liver is truly amazing, however little is ever verbalise about the organ. Most people probably wouldnt be suitable to locate their liver if theyre asked to do so. The second largest organ in the body and weighing about 3 pounds, the liver is fixed right under your rib cage on the right side of your body. It is the only organ that is able to regenerate. While most organs replace damage with scar tissue, the liver has the ability to replace disgraced tissues with new cells. The primary function of the liver is to process food that has been consumed into nutrients and filter out any detrimental substances that may be the bloodstream.The liver is responsible for keeping our blood suitable for our bodies. With that understood it saddens me to say that in that location is an estimated 30 million people living in the U.S. with liver failure. These 30 million people argon unable to filter out any harmful toxins that may b e flowing in their bloodstream. With fourth dimension they may began to assemble from Hepatic brain disorder. Described as episodes of confusion and altered levels of consciousness Hepatic brain disease is caused by to an accumulation of ammonia in the bloodstream that would usually be filtered out by the liver.Although Hepatic encephalopathy is completely reversible with treatment there are very few treatments available. Pharmaceutical confine saved many lives through experimental studies and treatments. Although very controversial many people choose to recruit in these studies in hopes of increasing their chances to live a normal life despite suffering from an ailment. I chose to do my assignment on a double-blinded think over on the use of Glycerol Phenylbutyrate (also known as Ravicti) in patients with Episodic Hepatic Encephalopathy.The study was completed by Dr. Don Rockey who is the Chief of Medicine at the Medical University of South Carolina. While delivering his ora l presentation which he titled Randomized, Dr. Rockey mentioned the study results fork up new insight into the importance of ammonia in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Based on its safety profile, Hyperions investigational drug, Glycerol Phenylbutyrate shows promise as a novel therapeutic agent.The study was conducted with a total of 178 patients selected randomly. 50 of who were on the drug Rifaximin which is a drug also commonly used to prevent episodes of heptatic encephalopany. 29 of the 178 patients were pose on placebo and the remaining 30 patients were placed on the busy drug Ravicti. If effective those on the active drug Ravicti should expect to see fewer levels of ammonia in the blood, thus resulting in fewer episodes of heptatic encephalopany. Ho = Patients placed on Ravicti will see no multifariousness in ammonia levels in the bloodstream and will continue to have Hepatic Encephalopathy episodes.H1 = Patients placed on Ravicti will see change in ammonia le vels in the bloodstream and will have little to no Hepatic Encephalopathy episodes. The results from the study conclude that among the 119 patients not on Rifaximin showed a highly statistical significant reduction among do by patients with 10% vs. 32% (p= 0.003.) Among the patients in the active part of the study experienced fewer Hepatic Encephalopathy episodes 21% vs. 36% (p=0.021.) Those in the active study also reported ammonia levels to be importantly lower 45.7 vs. 58.15 umol/L, (p=0.0036) (p 0.01).A concern I noticed while researching this study is the accuracy of the statistical results since this study was two sided this means that curtain results were expected by both the test subjects and its administers. This study was also make on a small population of people, which is a bias in itself since the sample population lacks diversity. Factors uniform diet, environment and previous medications were not mentioned in the study which also can contribute to hepatic encephalo pathy episodes. Another key factor that is important to gaining a reasonable sample through population is a correlation between test subjects. It was never mentioned in the article what type of liver failure the subjects suffer from nor did the article specify the severity of their condition.Works CitedAnnes, Shari. HALT-HE Study Underscores Role of Ammonia in Hepatic Encephalopathy.Drugs.com MedNews. Micromedex, Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. http//www.drugs.com/clinical_trials/halt-he-study-underscores-role-ammonia-hepatic-encephalopathy-14702.html.A New and Unique Way to Measure Liver Function. Liver Disease Questions. Liver affiliation of America, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2012. http//www.hepquant.com/liver-disease-faq.php.

John Deere Time line Essay Example for Free

earth-closet Deere Time line EssayDeere married his first wife, Demarius Lamb, in January 1827. The newlyweds perceived to have 5 children, Francis Albert, Jeanette, Ellen, Francis Alma and Charles. Demariuss ultimo away and Deere married Lucinda Lamb, in June 1867. They had four children together Emma, Hiram, Alice and Mary. flush toilet Deere was an Illinois blacksmith from the Midwest and inventor. magic Deere realized the forest and cast iron plow invention currently being used was weak and not operative to its full ability. 1837- John Deere invents the first steel plow in his shop located in stately detour, IL. This let the pioneer farmers cut cleaner and faster furrows through the Midwests sticky prairie soils. 1838- John Deere evolved into John Deere, manufacturer co.1842- John Deere business added retailing, taking orders for the letters patent Cary Plow. 1843- Deere and Leonard Andrus become co-partners in the art and mickle of blacksmithing, plow-making and all things thereto 1848- The growing plow business moves to Moline, Illinois, 75 miles southwest of Grand Detour. Moline offers water cater and transportation advantages. Deere chooses a new partner, Robert N. Tate, who moves to Moline and raises the rafters on their three-story blacksmith shop by July 28.1849 A work force of about(predicate) 16 builds 2,136 plows.1852 Deere buys out his partners. For the adjoining 16 years, the company is known variously as John Deere, John Deere Company, Deere Company, and Moline Plow Manufactory.1853 Sixteen-year old Charles, Deeres only living son, joins the firm as a bookkeeper following graduation from a Chicago commercial college.1858 The business totters during a nationwide financial panic. Maneuverings to avoid bankruptcy shuffle self-will and managerial arrangements. John Deere remains president, but power passes to 21-year-old Charles Deere. He will run the company for the next 49 years.1863 The company makes the Hawkeye Riding cultiv ator, the first Deere implement adapted for riding.1864 John Deere obtains the companys first actual patent for moulds used in casting steel plows. Another follows in a few months and a third gear the next year.1867 Charles Deere sues Candee, Swan Co., a competitor, for trademark infringement. The case has precedent-setting implications for trademark law. Could Deere preempt the word Moline which it has been using in its advertising, so that no similar product could incorporate it? The ultimate answer is no. The Walking Cultivator is patented in August 1867. Although farmers might prefer riding, the lower cost of this unit makes it sell til now though the man has to walk in soft ground while straddling a row of corn.1868 later 31 years as a partnership or single proprietorship, the concern is incorporated chthonic the name Deere Company. There are four shareholders at first, six within a year. Charles and John Deere insure 65 percent of the stock.1869 Charles Deere and Alvah Mansur establish the first branch house, Deere, Mansur Co., in Kansas City. A semi-independent distributor of Deere products within a certain geographic area, it is the forerunner of the companys current farm and industrial-equipment sales branches and sales regions.

Write a critical comparison of two pieces of research Essay Example for Free

Write a critical comparison of deuce pieces of query EssayRationaleWhen choosing the two pieces of inquiry to comp ar, I sought a bailiwick that interested and was of relevance to me. According to Hammersley and Scarth (1993) the function of preparational investigate is to in tenor policy- appointrs and practitioners and consequently to improve education (p.216). Subsequently the aim of this essay is non and to devolve a critical comparison between the two pieces of query, b arely amyotrophic lateral sclerosiso to inform me, as a student t individuallyer, on the findings of the role of teachers beliefs of gender in mathematics and so advise my prox practice. In my last SE placement I install myself teaching a mixed division class of which boys made up two thirds of the pupils, this highlighted to me some of the gender issues that back tooth manifest themselves in the uncomplicated classroom, I had previously not had experience of. The school had a policy on gender, which contained strategies for raising the acquisition and interest of boys in lessons, particularly in literacy. When observing the male teacher conducting literacy and history lessons I found that many of the texts were tailored to the boys interests, much(prenominal) as in arrangeion texts on robots or science fiction. In other classes I observed taught by female teachers, I did not see the use of any resources specifically targeted at boys. I found that be induce the class contained more(prenominal) boys than girls and had a male teacher, much of the talk and things had a male theme.However, I did find that the boys were strongly motivated and that many of them responded in a very decreed manner to a male role model, which preempt often be lacking at direct take aim. It was clear when I took all over the teaching of the class I found it more difficult to give rise a rapport with the boys than I had in my previous SE placement where the class teacher had been female. in that respect has been enquiry conducted on the effect of the gender of a teacher particularly in mathematics, but on that point are no conclusions to support my observations. Most teachers indicated that their gender does not necessarily influence their treatment of their induce students, or the way that either male or female students related to them. at that place has been amyotrophic lateral sclerosiso been research conducted to try out the affect of teacher gender on pupils deed in mathematics.Li (2001) iterates Sahas (1993) conclusions that whether a teacher is male or female does make a difference for student action, students with male teachers had better come uponment in mathematics than those with female teachers (p.66). The experience within this class illustrated to me the distinction of boys and girls in primary education and how they respond to different stimuli, whether that be teachers, work, resources etc.As a mathematics specialist the fact that the topic investigates teachers gender-related beliefs within that subject is of particular interest to me. I demand not had any experience of running(a) with teachers who hold different beliefs nigh girls and boys achievement, but I have never held a discussion with a teacher about what they attribute their pupils success in mathematics to. The research papers provide an sagacity into teachers attributions and whether these are differentiated by gender. Any implications raised by the outcomes of this research will inform my future tense practice.Historical Context of TopicOver the last 25 old age, there has been a variety of studies conducted to examine teachers beliefs about, or attributions of, causation of their students achievement successes and failures. Research conducted by Clark and Peterson (1986) found that a teachers causal attributions are definitive because perceptions of why his/her students succeed or fail in achievement situations has an impact on the teachers expecta ncies for students future achievement success. They overly concluded that the sex of a student has not been shown to be a major broker affecting teachers attributions. However Fenema et al (1990) stated that a close reading of the literature shows that most studies transaction directly with teacher attributions have not included gender as a vari qualified (p.57).There are some studies to show that detectives hold different beliefs about appropriate learning experiences for boys and girls. Stage et al (1985) reported that teachers do not have lower expectations for girls performance in mathematics than they do for boys performance, notwithstanding teachers have been found to provide more encouragement for boys then for girls to learn mathematics. In 1998, the Scottish decision maker for Education produced a Primary Schools Support Pack, which details gender issues in raising attainment.The document states that research evidence in attainment shows that in mathematics boys have g enerally more positive, or sometimes more polarised, attitudes boys have more confidence, are less dependent on teachers explanations, and devise their own methods and in short cuts to solutions girls tend to underestimate their abilities and are easily discouraged. Research carried out by Gorard et al (2001) on the patterns of differential coefficient attainment of boys and girls at school showed that in mathematics, girls have a nice achievement gap over boys at level 2, but at level 3 to A levels, boys hold a small achievement gap over girls, which increases over time.ContextAccording to Hammersley Scarth (1993) it is important to understand the context in which a report is produced (p.217). Fenema et al carried out their research in the United States of America in 1990. The subjects were 38 female 1st grade teachers from 24 fixingsary schools. Tiedemann carried out his research 10 years afterward in 2000 in a North German city. The subjects were 52 3rd and 4th grade teache rs of which 5 were male. It is not clear from the research papers how they both chose their exemplifications. However, it seems potential that both use a form of cluster sampling. Denscomb (1998) states that the logic behind cluster sampling is that, in reality it is possible to get a good try on by focussing on naturally occurring clusters of the particular area the researcher wishes to get and schools are a good example of a naturally occurring cluster. (p.14).Cluster sampling comes under the head word of probability sampling which is based on the thinking that sight or events that are chosen are done so because the researcher has an idea that these will be a representative cross-section of people in the macrocosm being studied. Denscomb (1998) adds that cluster sampling push aside save a great turn to of time that would have been spent travelling to various research sites throughout the land. However, he states that one essential remember the aim is to achieve a repres entative cluster and this could be obtained through random or stratified sampling (p.13). Fenema et al (1990) chose to study only female teachers this may be because this is an accurate mission of the population, if there were little or no male 1st grade teachers.If they had particularly chosen to research female teachers attributions and beliefs this would have been stated somewhere in the research paper. Tiedemann provided, had 5 male teachers within his savour of 52. It could be presumed that if a stratified approach was used, male teachers therefore, represent approximately 10% of teachers in the population he studied. Denscomb (1998) acknowledges that random sampling is likely to provide a representative cross-section of the whole, however he adds that stratified sampling has a signifi tooshiet advantage over random sampling in that the researcher can assert some control over the selection of the sample in order to see to it that key people or factors are covered by it and are representative of how they are in the wider population (p.13).PurposeFenema et al (1990) states that research had not investigated whether or not teachers hold different beliefs about girls, boys and mathematics. Therefore their study aimed to identify successful and unsuccessful mathematics students and the accuracy of their identification teachers attributions of the causes of successes and failures of girls and boys and teachers beliefs about the characteristics of their stovepipe girl and boy mathematics students (p.56).They did not hypothesise about what they expected to find, but outlined a set of questions they wanted to adjudicate. Tiedemann (2000) research title is very similar to that of Fenema et amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1990) and he quotes Fenema et als (1990) research in his review of the literature. His aim is not to re-test their findings, but to test for perceptual bias in teacher beliefs about gender in their teaching of mathematics at elementary schools (p.194). Tiedemann (2000) believes that it is still difficult to draw any conclusions with confidence. He is however working 10 years later and uses research conducted after Fenema et als (1990) to make a hypothesis of what he expects to find in relation to teachers attributions and beliefs.Bell (1999) identifies that it is useful to make statements about relations between vari fitteds as it provides a guide to the researcher as to how the original idea may be tested and they can attempt to find out whether it is so among the subjects in the sample (p.25). Cohen Manion (1994) withstand that hypotheses and concepts play a crucial part in the scientific method, also known as positivism, defined as all genuine knowledge is based on sense experience and can only be advanced by means of observation or experiment.Positivism, however, has been challenged from many quarters (p.11), Cohen Manion (1994) quote Kierkegaards (1974) theory of existentialism saying that people should be freed from objectivity and having to discover general laws to explain man behaviour, but instead consider ones own relationship to the focus of the enquiry, which is the capacity for subjectivity (p.23). Tiedemann (2000) states an underlying precondition of his study, that there is no difference in gender achievements or teacher beliefs in mathematics. Cohen Manion (1994) criticise embarking on a study having pre-interpreted the world to be researched as the assumptions of the researcher can influence upon the results (p.25).Methods twain Fenema et al (1990) and Tiedemann (2000) used questionnaires to gather data. Fenema et al (1990) used two types of questionnaires, one being a twistd case-by-case interview the other a non-direct questionnaire, in their research. Denscomb (1998) states that a structured interview, which involves tight control over the format of the questions and answers, is similar to a questionnaire that is administered face to face. He adds that structured interv iews lend themselves to the collection of quantitative data, which was the type of data Fenema et al (1990) did gather. There are issues to consider when deciding to conduct a questionnaire directly. Denscomb (1998) states that research shows when questioning people face-to-face informants respond differently depending on how they perceive the person asking the questions.In particular the informants answer may be tailored to match what they feel fits in with what the researcher expects from them or to what they perceive to be the researchers point of view (p.116). As already stated the researchers assumptions of the study can affect the outcome. For example in Fenema et als (1990) structured interview the teachers might not readily admit that the pupils lack of success is collectable to them not providing the support for the child even if it is their belief. In the case of Tiedemann (2000) his underlying assumption that there is no difference in gender achievements or teacher belie fs in mathematics could be perceived by the informant who modifies their response to this expectation.Cohen Manion (1994) cite Kitwoods (1977) critique of direct contact questionnaires he states that there is a lot off between reliability and hardness. If the researcher develops an atmosphere where the respondent feels at ease the more likely they are to disclose true nurture which is necessary to the validity, however reliability is enhanced by rationalisation, but when the interviewer becomes rational and calculating the less likely the situation will contain a human element and the more calculated the response is likely to be (p.282).Denscomb (1998) reflects on both types stating that questionnaires, which are conducted without direct contact, clear up the impact of face-to-face interaction (p.88). Cohen Manion acknowledge the bias that can impact upon direct interaction, but it allows for greater depth than is the case with other methods of data collection (p.272). By Fene ma et al (1990) apply both types of questionnaires, they have experienced the advantages of both. Tiedemann (2000) used only the non-direct contact and therefore his study as Cohen Manion (1994) stated could lack greater depth and a human element.Fenema et al (1990) and Tiedemann (2000) employed similar styles of questionnaires to collect data about teachers attributions. Both used a non-direct questionnaire, which contained statements about the pupils that the teachers had to estimate on a scale. Fenema et als (1990) sex-role stereotype questionnaire was an adaptation of some other researchers method of data collection. The 20 descriptors, concerning characteristics of the teachers stovepipe mathematics pupils, contained 2 opposing statements, the teachers responded from high agreement to the chasten phrase to high agreement with the left phrase.The structured interview and questionnaire used by Fenema et al (1990) and the questionnaire used by Tiedemann (2000) all contained c losed questions where the answers are restricted to options supplied on the questionnaire. Denscomb (1998) acknowledges both the advantages and disadvantages of closed questions. He states that the structure of such a questionnaire provides the researcher with information which is of the same length and that can be easily compared, quantified and analysed. In the case of both research papers where the results were of a statistical nature, it would seem closed questions were the most adapted to use.Denscombe (1998) notes the disadvantages saying there is less scope for respondents to supply answers which reflect the exact facts of true feelings of a topic and as a result of this the respondents may become frustrated by not being able to express their views fully in a way that accounts for any sophistication, intricacy or even inconsistencies in their views (p.101). Fenema et als (1990) questionnaire overcomes some of the limitations of closed questions by allowing teachers to rank their agreement with the phrases from 1 to 5, enabling them to strongly agree with one phrase by marking 1 or 5, or to indicate a adaption by marking 2, 3 or 4. Tiedemanns (2000) questionnaire similarly is structured to allow teachers to respond on a three-point scale of true, not true and partly true. However Bell (1999) cautions against the use of ambiguous words such a partly true, which may mean something different to each respondent (p.121).In Fenema et als (1990) attribution interview each teacher chose their 4 most successful mathematic students and 4 most un-successful students to attribute the cause of their success or failure. The paper does not state the criteria for how the students were classified as most or to the lowest degree successful, this information however is crucial to understand the teachers beliefs of what constitutes success or failure in mathematics, which is central to the research question. Tiedemann (2000) however states the criteria of a successful o r failing mathematics student. He chose three bands of performance level that the students would fall into, 2 from the upper level, 2 from medial and 2 from the lower performance level. These bands were derived from performance grades attributed to the children in a similar way children in the UK are levelled from performance in QCA or SATs tests.One of Fenema et als (1990) objectives however was to discover how accurate the teachers were in selecting their most and least successful students. This was done by interrogation all 314 girls and 368 boys taught by the teachers and matching the results to the accuracy of the teachers choices. Therefore, it was important that the teachers chose the students as it gave a greater insight into whether they were able to identify their most and least successful students. However, it is important to note that there will always be the issue of whether the test results of the students are wholly valid. The test questions were read to the students by a trained tester.This like a shot puts visual learners or children with poor memory at a disadvantage. According to Felder Silverman (2002) visual learners remember best what they see pictures, diagrams, flow charts, time lines, films, and demonstrations, verbal learners however get more out of words, spoken or written and therefore could have an advantage in this form of spoken test. Dyslexic students may also be put at a disadvantage from this style of test. These children, who are often able mathematicians, fit in to the British Dyslexia Association (2002) tend need more time when completing mathematical activities due to bring factors such as poorer short-term memory and slower writing speeds. They can also have problems with auditive processing. Fenema et als (1990) test had a time limit, again putting some children at a disadvantage.ResultsFenema et als (1990) and Tiedemanns (2000) results opposed each other in two particular aspects. Fenema et al (1990) concluded tha t in both the most and least able categories, teachers attributed girls success and failure to effort considerably more so than for boys. Tiedemann (2000) however found that teachers thought that girls profited less from additional effort than boys and had to exert relatively more effort to achieve the level of actual performance in mathematics. Under the category of ability, both research papers contrasted each other in their findings. Tiedemann (2000) states that teachers attributed failure in girls more to low ability, whereas Fenema et al (1990) found that boys success was attributed more to ability than girls success. When analysing the results obtained by both parties one must take into account the differences in their research methods and contexts.The researchers did not study children of the same age, in fact the children in Fenema et als (1990) research were 3 to 4 years younger than in Tiedemanns (2000). The research was conducted in differing countries and Fenema et als ( 1990) sample size (pupils) was double that of Tiedemanns (2000). Denscomb (1998) reflects on issues when using a sample of 300 or less (Tiedemanns (2000) being 312). He states that extra attention postulate to be paid to the issue of how representative the sample is and caution is needed about the extent to which generalisations can be made on the basis of the research findings (p.24).Does this mean therefore that Tiedemanns results are less practicable than Fenema et als (1990) due to his sample size? This would have to be investigated in relation to how representative his sample was. Fenema et al (1990) may have a larger sample but there is no information on how representative it is. Denscombe (1998) also states the smaller the sample the simpler the analysis should be, in the sense that the data should be subjected to fewer subdivisions (p.24). Tiedemann however divides his questionnaire in 6 categories containing 21 items according to Denscomb (1998) this can dilute results (p .24). The issues of bias and validity in terms of Fenema et als (1990) interview should also be taken into account. As previously discussed these issues can affect results and more information on how the interview was conducted is needed before an analysis of its reliability can be conducted.To close, it is difficult to draw clear and unequivocal conclusions from both these sets of research, although Fenema et als (1990) study follows more of the advice for gaining undeviating results, such as more than one method of data collection and a large bounteous sample size. Bell (1999) states that in the analysis, interpretation and presentation of data, care has to be taken not to state more for results than is warranted. Li (2001) states that when studying all the literature, including both the research papers analysed here, on gender-related beliefs in teachers, the results are inconclusive.BibliographyBell , J. (1999) Doing Your Research Project Bucks OUPCohen, L. Manion, L. (1994) Research Methods in Education London RoutledgeDenscomb, M. (1998) The Good Research maneuver Maidenhead OUPLi, Q. (2001) Teachers beliefs and gender difference in mathematics a review educational Research Vol. 41 No. 1 pp. 63-76The British Dyslexia Association (2002) Mathematics and Dyslexia http//www.bda-dyslexia.org.uk/main/information/education/e07maths 01/06/03Tiedemann, J. (2000) Gender-Related Beliefs of Teachers in elementary School Mathematics Educational Studies in Mathematics Vol. 43 pp. 191-207Felder, R. M. Silverman, L. K. (2002) Learning Styles and Strategies http//www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/ILSdir/styles.htm 01/06/03Fenema, E. Peterson, P. L. Carpenter, T. P. Lubinski, C. A. (1990) Teachers Attributions and Beliefs About Girls, Boys and Mathematics Educational Studies in Mathematics Vol. 21 pp. 55-69Gorard, S. Rees, G. Salisbury, J. (2001) Investigating the Patterns of Differential Attainment of Boys and Girls at School Oxford Review of Education, Vol. 27 No. 3 pp. 411-428Hammersley, M. Scarth, J. (1993) Beware of wise men bearing gifts a case study in the misuse of educational research in Gomm, R. Woods, P. (ed) Educational Research in Action London Chapman Ltd

Science Fair Conclusion of How to Make a Crystal Radio Essay Example for Free

Science Fair Conclusion of How to Make a Crystal Radio Essay close to of the supposition in this experiment supported the results and some of the other conjecture rejected the results. Some hypothesis which supported the results were that the there would be about one, two, or three channels in the radio, the bobby pin could non replace the germanium diode, and that the crystal radio ware efficient as a normal memory board bought radio. On experiment two the crystal radio had handle 3 stations. The sound was very transcend and loud. Also, the bobby pin method did not work. There were lots of hypothesis that did not support the results. Some hypothesis that did not support was that the safety pin could replace the germanium diode. The safety pin wasnt satisfactory to replace the germanium diode. One of the rejected hypotheses during the experiment is that one believed that the amperage will be eight and the potentiality will be about eleven. It was impossible to find out t he amperage or the voltage, except one response which had the chance to blow up our experiment.Some of the problems leading the experiment to not work were to make mental image wires in to single wires. This caused us to waste a lot of ones time and remove the wires tangled up. We didnt have ladder to put up the wires and the insulators very high. During the first experiment (which did not work) the kohm resistor and the germanium diode were backwards. Also the earphone during experiment two were misplaced. During experiment one, one attached the antenna to the ground when one supposed to connect the antenna to the fahnstock clips. Next time, if one should build a crystal radio one should buy a single wire, wooden ladder, and read the directions carefully. I would like to know any available replacement for the germanium diode. I would like to know if the wire is long-life , will there be more stations?.

Marketing promotional strategies Essay Example for Free

Marketing promotional strategies EssayFor this chore I have chosen to write some Ben and Jerrys and Haagen-Dazs ice figure out. These argon two rival dents at the top end of the mart. I decided to write about ice cream because it is very popular and there is lots of information available about them. They too both have good merchandising and promotional strategies.I chose to write about Haagen-Dazs, as it is the best known ice cream. It is the number whiz super premium ice cream with 43 % of the commercialise share. It is quite expensive as it is about 5 for a carton on the ice cream but it is very nice. It is do with innate(p) ingredients and its flavours are Chocolate, Butter Pe give the sack and Cherry Vanilla. It was startle made over 40 years ago. Haagen-Dazs uses the finest and purest ingredients.Ben and Jerrys is as well at the top end of the market but it is a newer brand as it was first made in 1978. It has 39% of the market share and is the number two brand. It costs a little indorsement less than Haagen-Dazs as well. The price is still quite expensive though as all the products apply are bought from minority and disadvantaged workers.It has a more fun image and has flavours such as Phish Food, pick Nice and Cherry Garcia. It is aimed more towards young people than Haagen-Dazs is. It is aimed at young men and women in their teens, twenties and thirties with a high disposable income.Although these products are both at the top end of the market and are luxury ice creams they have very different approaches to their marketing and promotional strategies.Ben and Jerrys is marketed as a fun brand. It aims to try and perpetrate younger people than Haagen-Dazs. This is shown by the names of its ice cream flavours and withal by the design of the packet.Haagen-Dazs has a more sophisticated image and it has a more grown-up carton. It is aimed more towards cured people, for example, people in their late 20s, 30s and 40s.Marketing Promotional StrategiesMarketing Mix and Promotion has four of import aims. It is known as AIDA. It sums up the purpose of communication with customers through promotions.A companies Unique Selling stage (USP) is what they use to make them different to other companies who are selling the same things as them.Ben and Jerrys have got a laid back image but they also have a social awareness. When Ben and Jerry first started their comp both, they started the imagination of giving back to the community as a whole. They make sure that the milk they use is bought from Vermont farmers and they debase the brownies they use in some of their ice creams from disadvantaged workers. They also give 7.5% of their profit away to jock social and environmental causes. This is their Unique Selling Point.Haagen-Dazs USP is that they are an ice cream aimed at adults that uses only the finest ingredients. They market themselves as the ultimate in luxury and extravagance.There are lots of different types of media t hat can be used to advertise products. These are the mass media television, radio, cinema and the internet. There is also billboards, magazines, planes and product placement. Local media can also be used and this is nonice boards, shop windows and public places.These influence buyer behaviour by persuading them to buy the product they are advertising.Haagen-Dazs has a lot of advertising. They advertise at cinemas and also on the television. They also have magazine and billboard advertisements. They advertise themselves as being a luxury ice cream and have started a new advertising campaign Made for Movies. This is going along with a particular wish at Blockbuster videos where they offer free video rentals.When Haagen-Dazs first started in England they had a treatment of mouth campaign to make them seem very credible. They had marketed it as an upmarket product and at first it was only sold in upmarket shops. They ran advertisements in magazines like Vogue in order to attract th e right sort of audience they wanted. Haagen-Dazs used AIDA to drip feed information in order to go about peoples attention. Most people wouldnt be able to buy it at first though because they didnt shop at the right shops and it was expensive but after a while they started selling it at lots of shops. throng bought Haagen-Dazs because they wanted to see what all the fuss was about and if it really was as good as other people said.Ben and Jerrys also advertise their products but not as much as Haagen-Dazs. They do not have any television advertising at the importee neither do they have any magazine adverts. They have a lot of promotional evens however, such as buses that go round universities and offer free tasting days.Ben and Jerrys is often bringing out new flavours of ice cream and often has a Flavour of the Month They also stop making flavours that are not selling well. This is so customers do not get bored of the same thing. They advertise these new flavours in magazines and on billboards and people are keen to try what these new flavours taste like. They also advertise that they give a percentage of their cabbage to charity and the Ben and Jerry Foundation and this is used to gain customers.Both Ben and Jerrys and Haagen-Dazs have an upmarket image and at the moment they are the only two ice-cream brands to have this image. People would rather buy the more expensive brand and get the image that goes with it than buy a cheaper ice-cream which tastes just as good because they dont get the image that is associated with it.

Racial, Gender, And Sexual Oriention Micro Aggressions Essay Example for Free

Racial, Gender, And Sexual Oriention Micro Aggressions EssayThe common chord types of sm whole aggression argon racial little aggression, gender micro aggression, and sexual orientation micro aggression. Racial micro aggression consists of subtle insults which undersurface be literal, nonverbal, or visual directed towards volume of color, often automatically or unconsciously. It is a subtle form of racism. Racial micro aggression can hold in a number of different forms including nullifying racial- heathenish issues, making stereo-typical assumptions, and cultural insensitivity. They also play a economic consumption in unfairness in the legal system as they can influence the decisions of juries. Gender micro aggression is related to acts that perpetuate stereotypical gender roles. An example of this could be a male faculty member asking his male colleagues to help him work out a glitch in a piece of equipment in his laboratory but non asking his female colleagues making the notion that a womans mechanical aptitude is inferior to that of a mans. These gender micro aggressions include devaluing, minimizing, belittling, and demeaning comments round women and women associated activities. Sexual orientation micro aggression is associated with actions that maintain stereotypes about homosexuals.An example of this would be assuming that all homosexual males psycheify women with high-pitched voices and manicured nails and that all lesbians perplex manly characteristics that signify that they be gay. The dynamics of micro aggression argon the forces that tend to produce activity and change in racial, gender, and sexuality incidents. The dynamics behind micro aggression also tend to send messages towards people. An example of this could be when an white-hot person asks an Asian American or Latino American to t to each one them words in their intrinsic language. This sends the message that they arent American and a foreigner.Another example would be a white person stating that an African American is very articulate. The actual message it sends is that it is unusual for some integrity of color to be intelligent. at that place are four dilemmas that we face during micro aggression. The first is the clash of racial realities where white Americans tend to animadvert that racism is on the decline and that African Americans are doing better in life than 30 or 40 years ago. On the reverse side, blacks view whites as racially insensitive. The second dilemma is the invisibility of unintentional expressions of bias.This refers to the issue that in most cases racial biases are invisible and the wrongdoer is unaware of each injustice. The third is the observed minimal harm of racial micro aggressions. This conveys the fact that when an individual is confronted with their micro hard-hitting acts the perpetrator usually opines that the victim has overreacted or is being overly sensitive. The last dilemma is the Catch 22 of responding t o micro aggressions. The victim is usually perplexed about how to react whether it be deciding to do nobody or confronting the perpetrator. Sometimes, micro aggression can manifest in counseling.Under Denial of Individual Racism, a common response by Whites to people of color is that they can understand and relate to experiences of racism. Under modify Blindness, for example, a client of color stresses the importance of racial experiences only to have the therapist reply, We are all unique. We are all individuals. or We are all human beings or the same under the skin. These colorblind statements, which were mean to be supportive, to be sympathetic, and to convey an ability to understand, may leave the client feeling misunderstood, negated, invalidated, and unimportant.In clinical practice, micro aggressions are likely to go unrecognized by White clinicians who are unintentionally and unconsciously expressing bias. As a result, therapists must make a concerted effort to identify and monitor micro aggressions within the therapeutic context. CHAPTER 7 CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES The dialogue styles identified in this chapter were verbal and non-verbal. Most communication specialists consider that only 30 to 40 percent of what is communicated conversationally is verbal. There are a number of non-verbal communication styles.These are proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage, and high-low context communication. The two concepts presented in socio semipolitical facets of nonverbal communication were 1. Nonverbals as reflections of bias this is represented in the example of the white women walking down the street past the white, black, and Latino teenager. When passing the black and latino teenager she automatically clutched her purse and switched it to the other side. The women who switched their purse were operating from stereotype, biases, and preconceived notions about what minority youngsters are like. 2.Nonverbals as triggers to biases and fear this is represented in the differences in that which cultures communicate. Whites often perceive black persons as a threat because of the way in which they communicate. Blacks are often high-key, animated, heated, and confrontational. They also believe the black male to be hostile, angry and prone to violence. Implications for Clinical place 1. discover that no one style of counseling or therapy will be appropriate for all populations and situations. 2. Become knowledgeable about how race, culture and gender affect communication styles. 3.Become aware of your own communication and helping styles. 4. punctuate to obtain additional training and education on a variety theoretical orientations and approaches 5. cognise that each school of counseling and therapy has strengths but they might be one dimensional 6. Use an approach in training programs that call for openness and flexibility in conceptualizing the issues and actual skill building. It is important to know this becau se communication styles are strongly influenced by race, culture, ethnicity, and gender. These implications lend support to the notion that various racial groups exhibit differences in communication style.CHAPTER 8 MULTICULTURAL FAMILY COUNSELING AND THERAPY There were five components of the multicultural family counseling and therapy a conceptual model. 1. stack Nature Relationships 2. Time place 3. Relational Dimension 4. Activity Dimension 5. Nature of People Dimension Activity Dimension The primary characteristic of White U. S. cultural values and beliefs is the action orientation. They believe that we must master and control nature, we must always do something about a situation, and that we should always take a pragmatic and utilitarian view of life.Counselors expect clients to master and control their own life and purlieu and to take action to resolve their problems. It is evident everywhere and is reflected in how White Americans identify themselves by occupation. America n Indians and Latinos/Hispanics prefer a being or being-in-becoming mode of activity. The American Indian concepts of self determination and noninterference are examples. The Latinos/Hispanics believe that people are born with dignity and deserve to be treated with respect. They are born with innate worth and importance.The inner soul and spirit are more important than the body. some(prenominal) the Asian and African Americans operate from the doing orientation. However, the doing manifests differently than in White American lifestyle. The active dimension in Asians is related not to individual achievement, but to achievement via conformity to family values and demands. African Americans exercise commodious control in the face of adversity to minimize discrimination and to maximize success. Nature of People Dimension Middle class White Americans mainly perceive the nature of people to be neutral.Environmental issues such as conditioning, family upbringing, and socialization are believed to be the dominant forces in determining the nature of the person. People are neither good nor bad but are a product of their environment. African Americans tend to have a mixed concept of people, but like their White counterparts, they believe people are generally neutral. Asian Americans and American Indians tend to emphasize the inherent goodness of people. Latinos may be described as holding the view that human nature is both good and bad. The Key Points for Clinical Practice1. Know that our increasing diversity presents us with different cultural concepts of the family. 2. Realize that families cannot be understood apart from the cultural, social, and political dimensions of their functioning. 3. When working with a racial/ethnic group different from you, make a concerted and conscientious effort learn as much as possible about their definition of family and the values along with it. 4. Be attentive to cultural family structure and extended family ties. 5. Dont prej udge based on your own ethnocentric perspective. 6.Realize that most minority groups view the wifely role as less(prenominal) important than the motherly role. 7. Utilize the natural help giving networks and structures that already exist in the minority culture in community. 8. Recognize that helping can take many forms. These forms often appear rather different than our own, but they are no less effective or legitimate. Multicultural counseling calls for the counseling to modify our goals and techniques to fit the needs of minority populations. 9. Assess the importance of ethnicity to clients and families. 10. Realize that the role of family counselor cannot be confined to culture bound rules.Effective multicultural counseling may include validating and alter ethnic identity increasing ones own awareness and use of the client support system, serving as a culture broker, and becoming aware of the advantages and disadvantages of being from the same or different ethnic priming coa t as your client. You shouldnt feel you need to know everything about the ethnic group, you should avoid polarization of cultural issues. 11. Accept the notion that the family therapist will need to be creative in intervention techniques when working with minorities. Bold = most important points in clinical practiceCHAPTER 9 NON-WESTERN INDIGENOUS METHODS OF HEALING finis bound syndromes are disorders particularised to a cultural group or society but not easily given a DSM diagnosis. These illnesses or afflictions have local names with distinct culturally canonical beliefs surrounding causation and treatment. They include amok, ataque de nervios, brain fag, ghost sickness, koro, mal de ojo, nervios, and rootwork. It is very important for mental wellness professionals to move familiar not only with the cultural background of their clients, but to be knowledgeable about specific culture bound syndromes.A primary danger from lack of cultural understanding is the tendency to overpa thologize or overestimate the degree of pathology. The principles of endemical healing 1. The healing begins with an opening prayer and ends with a closing prayer. The ululate creates an atmosphere for healing and involves asking the family gods for guidance. The gods arent asked to intervene but grant wisdom, understanding and honesty. 2. The ritual elicits a truth telling sanctioned by the gods and makes compliance among participants a serious matter.The leader states the problem, prays for a ghostlike fusion, reaches out to resistant family members, and attempts to unify the group 3. Muhiki occurs which is a process of getting to the problems. The foregiving, releasing of wrongs, the hurts, and the conflicts produces a unintelligible sense of resolution. 4. After the closing prayer the family participates in pant, the ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants. Implications for Clinical Practice 1. Do not invalidate the indigenous practices of your cultur ally diverse client. 2.Become knowledgeable about indigenous beliefs and healing practices. 3. Realize that learning about indigenous healing and beliefs entails experimental or lived realities. 4. Avoid overpathologizing and underpathologizing a culturally diverse clients problems. 5. Be willing to consult with traditional healers or make use of their services. 6. Recognize the spirituality is an intimate aspect of the human condition and a legitimate aspect of mental health work. 7. Be willing to expand your definition of the helping role to the community work and involvement.