Friday, December 27, 2019

Leadership, Trust, And Trust Essay - 1513 Words

In the twenty first century, leaders are required to build a greater impression in which people believe in strategy, trust in management decisions, and trust in their work. Once people believe in management choice, there will be enthusiasm inside an organisation. Such an environment helps the organisation growing or flourish. A doing well leaders create a surroundings in cooperation inside and outside the organisation. (Subir chowdbhury management, 21c financial times prentice hall (2000) The world hopeful in political leaders but unfortunately, a few of live up to the leadership main beliefs and values. In fact, a lot of political leaders seem to severely be deficient in numerous of the majority necessary leadership qualities. This assay will be analysing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18july 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well know as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008) The assay will seem at his behaviour, characteristics as leader, and the style of his leadership atShow MoreRelatedA Summary On Trust And Leadership956 Words   |  4 PagesAnother work examining leadership was a review by Rodger’s (2005), whose work presents a summary of the literature on trust and leadership, and outlines the model of trust by Mayer, Davis and Schoorman. This article describes trust as it affects the front line staff, their behavior towards patients, the impact of relationships between managers and their respective direct reports. The significance of Roger’s (2005) position on leaderships’ impact of staff rests in management’s grasp of the importanceRead MoreManagement, Leadership and Trust518 Words   |  2 Pagesleader that everyone trusts? In case an introduction of an innovation, employees are obliged to committing themselves to using it. This innovation is a decision made by senior management officials for the employees to work ac cording to the innovation in their daily work. Before, employees can adopt the innovation they need to trust the top management by seeing it in the faces of their leaders. Therefore, for top management to succeed the leaders have to be credible gaining trust of their subordinatesRead MoreWhat Is Trust As The Essence Of Leadership Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pages1. Trust as the Essence of Leadership Trust, which is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary of English Language (2011) as â€Å"the firm belief in the integrity, ability, or character of a person or thing†, has different dimensions. Robbins and Coulter (2012) identified the five dimensions of the concept of trust as being, integrity, competence, consistency, loyalty and openness. These dimensions are all crucial elements in the functionality of an organization. The persons within an organizationRead MoreSchool Leadership, Shared Leadership And Trust861 Words   |  4 PagesLouis*, Dretzke and Wahlstrom (2010) studied and collected evidence around three specific school leader behaviors to determine their connection to student achievement. The three specific school leadership behaviors emerged from this research study is: instructional leadership, shared leadership and trust (p. 316). This study attempts to collect evidence to help determine the significance and impact school leaders have on student ach ievement. Previous research indicates that teacher instruction andRead MoreTrust and Its Impact on Effective Leadership3555 Words   |  15 Pagesand its Need of Leadership 5 Qualities of a Leader 5 Trust 7 Influence of Trust on Motivation 7 Influence of Trust on Learning 8 Trust and Team Management 9 Communication and Trust 10 Trust and Change Management 10 Influence of Trust on the Performance 11 5. Conclusion 13 Recommendations for Winning Trust 13 6. Bibliography 15 Executive Summary All successful organizations have one common trait; they have high level of trust between the organizationRead MoreThe Importance of Trust in Leadership Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountability, just to name a few, must be present in a leader for them to be deemed trustworthy. Leaders without these traits will find it difficult, if not impossible, to guide or inspire anyone. Trust is something that is built over time between people in a relationship. Whenever we choose to trust someone or something, we are giving them something of immeasurable value (Cone, 2007). As I reflect on the behavior of one of my negative leaders, there are many reasons why I think he acted in anRead MoreHonesty, Integrity and Trust in Leadership2293 Words   |  10 PagesHonesty, Integrity and Trust in Leadership December 08, 2008 â€Æ' Recently upper management of the Indiana University Information Technology Services Department (UITS), Finance Office Staff called a departmental meeting to discuss the results of an employee job satisfaction survey the was taken approximately nine months earlier by the employees of UITS. We had received hints, from our manager, during our last workgroup meeting that upper management was quite shocked at the results of theRead MoreModern Leadership: Trust Empowerment - a Literature Review and Discussion3630 Words   |  15 PagesModern Leadership 1 PMN 6043 LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATION MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA Modern Leadership 2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project paper is based on my original work except for quotations and citations that have been duly acknowledged. I also declare it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at *** or other institutions. Modern Leadership Abstract 3 Today, leaders must understand the needsRead MoreBuilding Trust In Your Leadership Among Your Subordinates: A Personal Approach1912 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The glue that holds all relationships together - including the relationship between; the leader and the led is trust, and trust is based on integrity.† This wise statement from Brian Tracey embodies the synergistic relationship between leaders and followers that this paper will focus on. According to the course textbook, leadership can be defined as â€Å"the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals.† (Hughes, Ginnett Curphy, 2009, p.4) Although this statement is validRead MoreRole Of Leader, Leadership Type, Team Building And Importance Of Trust And Communication3095 Words   |  13 Pageseditor-in-chief of Vogue, leading Vogue to be a successful magazine in the fashion industry. Hence, examine the development of leadership is essential. Communication can be seen as a bridge bet ween leaders and followers while trust is the medium to let people have cooperation. Hence, this paper focus on analyzes the role of leader, leadership type, team building and the importance of trust and communication in the business. Introduction Anna Wintour, she works in the American Vogue in New York as the editor-in-chief

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Essay on Villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello

Comparing the Villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello nbsp; The two villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello share much in common, despite their numerous differences. It is evident that Shakespeare framed the second piece of literature to be similar to the first. Although shorter, the plot ofnbsp; â€Å"Othello† is definitely more complex. The villains play a major part in the novels, and are very much alike in their line of thinking. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The comedy, â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† depicts the story of a group of high-ranking soldiers who travel through a town called Messina. They had been to the town before, and this time Claudio confesses his love for the†¦show more content†¦Somehow Iago manages to manipulate Othello into thinking that Desdemona cheated on him. When he demands that she show him the handkerchief he had given her, and she does not, he is convinced that she is being unfaithful. This is when he decides that he must kill her. Later in the novel Othello suffocates Desdemona out of jealousy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The villains of both novels contain an unusually large number of similarities. Both Don John and Iago are determined to break up the key relationships of the two novels. Iago tricks Othello for revenge, Don John out of sheer hatred for Claudio. The bastard brother goes through a period where he acts very pleasant toward Claudio, and Iago seems to be the ally of Othello throughout the entire piece. Both Don John and Othello used unsuspecting women to break up the main characters. Don John used Margaret and Iago used Emilia. Finally, both villains are strong egotists. Don John shows it in the way that he does not interact with the other characters. Iago believes that Othello is much too trusting, and respects no one but himself. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Although Shakespeare meant to create these two evil characters alike, there are a few differences between them. Don John set up Claudio using other people to convince him. I go used his manipulative speaking and wits, alongShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Shakespeares Hamlet2393 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet There are enough conceptions, and thus misconceptions, about the melancholy Dane to fill volumes. However, while none of them has proved entirely acceptable, some of them, such as the diagnoses that Hamlet simply â€Å"procrastinates† or â€Å"cannot make up his mind† prove utterly unsatisfactory under careful scrutiny of the play and, perhaps more importantly, Hamlet himself. Indeed, it appears as if there are certain points in the play in which Hamlet comes to reversals

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Writing Between Good Habits and Good Habits free essay sample

Writing Program at CSU, is interested in the activities that writers engage in, which have direct influence on their writing. In her essay Time, Tools, and Talismans she gave an example of three students, I was mostly interested in Adriana because I share some of her habits and rituals. Many of Adrianas bad habits contribute to her poor performance as a writer, however she has some good habits too. She needs to eliminate or modify her bad habits, and add or improve the good habits that she already has. Adriana works in unorganized way, if she puts a schedule and fall behind, she tend to cancel the whole schedule. Also she works very late at night and doesnt do her home work until the day before the due date, thus, she might has to stay awake all night which, scientifically proven, doesnt represent the real performance. Another bad result for procrastination is frustration, for example: if she has little time with a lot of work to do without any idea how to start, she would definitely get frustrated, and that, as wyche described it, â€Å"would torpedo a stronger writer’s chance for success. We will write a custom essay sample on Writing Between Good Habits and Good Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, somehow, she seeks interruption during her writing. When she takes a break she turns on the TV. If her favorite program is on, she would watch it and do the assignment at the same time, this is clearly would never work. Although she has a lot of bad habits, she also has some good habits which contribute positively to her performance as a writer, she seeks advice from her friends regarding thoughts and ideas about her writing topic. She organize her studying environment in matter that everything has to be neat and clean, this would help her to gather her thought, and concentrate more on the writing task. I like what Adriana do to relax, sometimes she takes a deep breath and pace herself, there is a beautiful proverb to describe this method how do you eat an elephant? One bit at a time. usually when she run out of thoughts, she lie down, listen to some classical music, and stare at the window or the ceiling. All these activities are surprisingly effective elements to create a nicer atmosphere. Adriana knows how to sit a mode for studying indeed. However, I consider that act as procrastination. The only thing she needs to do is to tackle the task in hand. She doesn’t need to put a lot of thoughts about how to do the assignments, since she can’t be committed to her schedule. If she asks a friend for advice, what she mostly needs to hear is â€Å"Just Do It. † In addition, watching TV during writing will never work. For the simple fact that TV is more interesting than writing. We, as human being, are naturally attracted to the most interesting not the least interesting, thus, if there is a time and we have to choose between our favorite show and our writing task, we would definitely shoos the show then the task, which going to lead again to procrastination. In another words, the TV must be cut off during writing. In conclusion, having a clean room with a relaxing music, lying down, and staring at the window is helpful activities indeed, yet these activities needs time, and this time must not be taken from the actual studying time, otherwise these activities would be considered a procrastination. Pacing helps organizing thoughts and ideas, and finally, the most important rule: no TV during Writing.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Nature of Biology Questions Essay Sample free essay sample

1. Cells were non discovered by Hippocrates because he didn’t have the engineering and equipment to. 2. Robert Hooke is credited with the find of the basic edifice block of life beings. 3. Robert Brown is credited with the find of the cell nucleus. 4. Schleiden and Schwann’s part to biological science was suggesting that cells are the basic structural unit for workss and animate beings. 5. Before Virchow. one thought was that life things could originate from inanimate and from dead affair. a procedure called ‘spontaneous generation’ . 6. Person B is more likely to hold lasting harm. because mature encephalon cells are unable to reproduce. the loss of encephalon cells is likely to hold a bigger impact on some map ( s ) of the person. 7. There are one thousand micrometres in a millimeter. 8. If you had a pick of any sort of light microscope. place. giving a ground. the most appropriate one for sing the followers: a. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Biology Questions Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A life AmebaI. A stage contrast microscope.B. A subdivision of stained works tissueI. A high-standard visible radiation microscope.c. The transportation of karyon from one cell into another.I. A differential intervention contrast microscope.9. True or false? Brief account.a. All sorts of light microscopes use seeable visible radiation to light objects one. False: Some are developed to utilize UV and optical maser visible radiation B. If the nonsubjective lens of a light microscope has a 5? magnification and its optic lens is 10? . so the magnification obtained of an object being viewed is 15? . I. False: The concluding magnification obtained is the merchandise of the magnifications of each of the lenses multiplied together. c. The usage of an oil submergence lens increases the magnification capableness of a microscope. I. True: Oil submergence reduces refraction. 10. If you had a pick of any sort of negatron microscope. place. giving a ground. the most appropriate one for sing the followers: a. The surface of a bed of cellsi. Scaning electron microscope because an negatron beam from the microscopecan be focused onto the surface and scanned across. B. A subdivision of encephalon tissueI. Transmission electron microscope because short wavelengths of the negatron beams can be used to analyze the all right item within the cells of the tissue. c. A little insect about 1 millimeters long.i. Scaning electron microscope because an negatron beam from can be focused onto the surface and scanned across the insect. 11. True or false? Briefly explicate your pick. a. Electron microscopes can be used to see life and inanimate tissues. I. False: Electron microscope techniques can be applied merely to dead and specially stained tissue. B. The deciding power of a TEM is greater than that of a LM. I. True: TEMs use shorter wavelengths of negatron beams that inc rease the deciding power over the longer wavelengths of visible radiation that are used in light microscopes. c. TEMs and SEMs are every bit appropriate to utilize for sing infinitesimal beings. I. False: An SEM would be used to see the surface of a minute insect. The beams of negatrons from TEMs are used to analyze the internal construction of cells. Chapter Reappraisal: 2. You wish to analyze a figure of specimens. Which microscope would you utilize for the followers? a. The surface of a cell membrane: Electron MicroscopeB. A frog egg: Light Microscopec. A clear position of a cytoskeletal filaments in a cell: Scanning Electron Microscope d. A general overall position of a works cell: Light Microscopee. Very little constructions in a cell cytol: Electron Microscope 3.a. How many millimeters in a meter?I. 1000 millimeters.B. How many times larger than a millimeter is a meter?I. One 1000 times.c. How many micrometres in a millimeter?I. 1000 micrometres.d. How many times larger than a micrometre is a millimeter?I. One 1000 times.4. Fill in the undermentioned spaces:a. 1 Â µm = 1000 nanometerB. 1 nm = 10-9mc. 1 Â µm = 10-6mChapter Two Quick Check:4. True or false? Briefly explicate your pick.a. A karyon from a works cell would be expected to hold a atomic envelope. I. True: A works cell is a signifier of eucaryotic cells. intending the karyon is enclos ed within a dual membrane known as the atomic envelope. b. Bacterial cells do non hold DNA. I. False: Bacterial cells contain DNA as their familial stuff. c. A mature ruddy blood cell is an illustration of a procaryotic cell. I. False: A mature blood cell is an illustration of a eucaryotic cell because immature ruddy blood cells have the membrane-bound karyon that is characteristic of eucaryotic cells. 5. Suggest why the karyon is called ‘the control centre’ of a cell. a. The karyon is termed ‘the control centre’ of a cell because it’s where the Deoxyribonucleic acid is. which contains the familial instructions that determine the structural. biochemical and physiological belongingss of a cell. 6. Is the major site of ATP production the same in a works cell as in an animate being cell? a. Yes it is ; it’s the chondriosome. 7. A scientist wants to analyze ribosomes in pancreatic cells. a. Where should the scientist expression — in the karyon or in the cytol? I. A scientist should look in the cytol of the cells. B. What sort of microscope should the scientist usage?I. Scientist would utilize a transmittal negatron microscope ( TEM ) because ribosomes are below the declaration of a light microscope. . 8. A substance made in a cell is moved outside the cell. Sketch a possible tract for this substance. a. ribosomes ? endoplasmic Reticulum ? Golgi complex ? exterior of cell 9. Lysosomes are sometimes called ‘suicide bags’ . Suggest why this name is given. a. Due to the fact that they contain dissolved digestive enzymes that. when released. can do the decease of a cell. 10. Identify the undermentioned as true or false and briefly warrant your replies. a. Plant cells without chloroplasts can capture the energy of sunshine. I. False: Chloroplasts are indispensable to capture sunlight energy. b. Chloroplasts can be seen through a light microscope. I. True: Chloroplasts are big plenty to be seen by a LM. 11. List one location in the human organic structure where cells with cilia are found. a. Trachea.12. See a cell with cilia crushing on its surface. Identify one other cell organ that would be expected to help in the action of these cilia. a. Mitochondria would be present to help the action of the cilia because energy is needed. 13. List four cell cell organs that are involved in the procedure of doing protein. What is the part of each cell organ to this procedure? a. Four cell cell organs involved in the procedure of doing protein are: i. Nucleus: has coded instructions for doing each particular protein two. Ribosome: cell organ where the amino acid are joined to construct protein three. Mitochondrion: cell organ organizing ATP. which supplies the energy to construct protein ironss iv. Endoplasmic Reticulum: conveyances freshly synthesised proteins off from the ribosomes. 14. Does an ameba have organs? Explain. a. No. An ameba is a unicellular being. Organs themselves are made up of groups of tissues which are made of cells.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

The Impact Of Computers Essays - E-commerce,

The Impact Of Computers THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERS Computer technology not only has solved problems but also has created some, including a certain amount of culture shock as individuals attempt to deal with the new technology. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, easier to use. Computers are forever present in the workplace. Word processors-computer software packages that simplify the creational and modification of documents-have largely replaced the typewriter. Electronic mail has made it easy to send messages worldwide via computer communication networks. Office automation has become the term for linking workstations, printers, database system, and other tools by means of a local-area network. An eventual goal of office automation has been termed the ?paperless office.? Although such changes ultimately make office work much more efficient, they have not been without cost in terms of purchasing and frequently upgrading the necessary hardware and software and of training workers to use the new technology. Computer integrated manufacturing is a relatively new technology arising from the application of many computer science sub disciplines to support the manufacturing enterprise. The technology of CIM emphasizes that all aspects of manufacturing should be not only computerized as much as possible but also linked together via a computer communication network into an integrated whole. In short, CIM has the potential to enable manufacturers to build cheaper, higher-quality products and thus improve their competitiveness. Making a telephone call no longer should conjure up visions of operators connecting cables by hand or even of electrical signals causing relays to click into place and effect connections during dialing. The telephone system now is just a multilevel computer network with software switches in the network nodes to route calls get through much more quickly and reliably than they did in the past. A disadvantage is the potential for dramatic and widespread failures; for as has happened. The downside of this technology is the potential for security problems. Intruders can see packets traveling on a network and can perhaps interpret them to obtain confidential information. Computer technology has had a significant impact on retail stores. All but the smallest shops have replaced the old-fashioned cash register with a terminal linked to a computer system. The terminal may require that the clerk type in the code for the item; but more and more frequently the checkout counter include a bar-code scanner, a device that directly reads into the computer the UPC printed on each package. Cash-register receipts can then include brief descriptions of the items purchased, and the purchase information is also relayed back to the computer to cause and immediate adjustment in the inventory data. The inventory system can easily alert the manager when the supply of some item drops below a specified threshold. In the case of retail chains linked by networks, the order for a new supply of an item may be automatically generated and sent electronically to the supply warehouse. In a less extensively automated arrangement, the manager can send in the order electronically by a dial-up link to the supplier's computer. These developments have made shopping much more convenient. The checkout process is faster; checkout lines shorter; and the desired item are more likely to be in stock. Computer technology has been incorporated into automobiles. Computers are involved (CAD systems) not only the design of cars but also in the manufacturing and testing process, perhaps making use of CIM technology. Today's automobiles themselves include numerous computer chips that analyze sensor data and alert the driver to actual and potential malfunctions. Although increased reliability has been achieved by implementing such computerization, a drawback is that only automotive repair shops with a large investment in high-tech interfaces and diagnostic tools for these computerized systems can handle any but the simplest repairs

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Database Management Systems Essay Example

Database Management Systems Essay Example Database Management Systems Essay Database Management Systems Essay Individual Assignment: Database Management Systems Paper Write a 1-2 page paper in which you do the following: * Explain what database systems are and how they are used at your workplace. * Define database architecture. For the database systems in your workplace, identify which architecture they fall under. * Define relational database architecture. Consider Microsoft ® Access ®, Microsoft SQL Server ®, Oracle ®, IBM DB2 ®, and so on. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines, and use at least three unique references beyond University of Phoenix course materials. The rubric I will use to grade your paper is posted in Course Materials. A reminder that grammar, punctuation and spelling errors do not present a professional presence and will impact your grades. Database Management Systems Database management systems are built to store large amounts of data in a computer system. Not only does a database need to store the data, it needs to make the data readily available. â€Å"The definition of a database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. † (QUOTE tech-faq. com/what-is-a-database. html). There are several types of databases which are Relational, Hierarchical, Flat, and Network. All types have their own sets of advantages and disadvantages and will be discussed further later in this paper. Databases are used in many different places and situations. They are used in many differ ways to meet the specific needs of businesses. Not being to familiar with how the company I work for has it’s databases set up, I can give only a short description of their uses. I do know my company provides large amounts of storage space to it’s employees for housing huge amounts of data. I also know my company uses SharePoint to organize and streamline much of their information and processes. SharePoint coupled with SQL servers would provide the company with access to the program and housing the data it stores. User databases are probably used to house information specific to our company such as payroll, sales, and employee information. The database architecture is how the database system is structured. This can be on a physical level and also a data level. Physical database architecture would be the applications, servers, and networks that connect the system. On a data level, the data architecture is how the data itself is stored and structured. Mentioned earlier in this paper was a few different types of databases. A hierarchical database architecture resembles a tree like structure. This is similar to how Microsoft organizes it’s folders and files. One top or root folder can house files and other folders that can house more files and folders. This structure continues to branch out in some kind of organization specific to the data. The hierarchical architecture is somewhat prominent in parts of my company’s database structure since we use large amounts of storage space. We separate our storage into folders/directories that contain files and more folders. These folder branch down further and further into more specific categories such as a date or numerical value of some kind. From the sounds of it, we will be switching things up shortly to more of a Relational architecture. The Relational database is organized into tables and can be quickly and easily accessed and stored. We have been going through many of our files to format them in a way that will be more easily accessed by a Relational database and it has been a tedious process. The relational database sounds more like the SharePoint and SQL server set up mentioned previously in this paper. SharePoint seems to be organized using tables of information and works with Access and Excel almost seamlessly. There are issues with the programs working together, but that doesn’t dilute the fact that they are all meant to work together. Access is a relational database because it organizes it’s data into tables with columns and rows. Excel does the same thing. My guess is that the innards of SharePoint is nothing more than tables, rows, and columns making it a relational database. The relational database is a very powerful and more commonly used database method and is the type I believe my company uses more widely.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Basis Of The Contract Between The Company And Its Members Case Study - 2

The Basis Of The Contract Between The Company And Its Members - Case Study Example Enforcement of contract arises when one of the parties commits a breach of terms and conditions of the contract. Section 14 of the Company Act 2006 (CA) makes the articles of association, on registration of the company, to become a contract between the company and members and it has been observed by Stein LJ in Bratton Seymour service Co Ltd v Oxborough1that â€Å"it is a statutory contract of special nature with distinctive features†2 Within the perspective of company law, it is of special nature because the terms of contract can be varied by special resolution and its enforcement by the members is limited to a certain extent and no outsider has any rights. And section 33(1) of the CA provides for a number of ways to be different from a normal contract. The provisions of the constitution of a company bind the company and its members in a manner as if there are covenants on the part of the company and on the part of each of its members to comply with those provisions. This position emerges once the company is registered as set in section 33 (1) of the CA. It, therefore, follows that prov isions in the articles are enforceable by the company against its members, by a member against another member, and by a members against the company limited to their membership rights of attending meetings, voting, eligibility for dividend and to assert the rights to ensure that the company is managed as per the constitution. Usually, there will be a condition in the articles to provide for referring by the company to arbitration disputes between the company and members. A company can enforce compliance of this obligation. This is supported by the decision in Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders’ Association where the court upheld the relevant clause in the articles for arbitration.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Law of Criminal Evidence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Criminal Evidence - Case Study Example This includes any informal chat with police officers and contradictory to popular belief, right to silence has not been abolished.7 In recent years it has been endangered so that a magistrate can draw adverse inference from the silence. Adrian, taken to Police Station on the suspicion of murdering wife Sandra, had informed his solicitor that he had been drinking heavily. According to solicitor's advice, Adrian keeps silent during interrogation. During trial, he testifies that he kept silent on solicitor's instructions as he was under influence of alcohol and could have accused himself8. Again his testimony that he killed Sandra under provocation of her having an affair creates a controversy. If he was going to testify so, in what way he could have accused himself more than that One wonders at the necessity of remaining silent during interrogation. No doubt it provided him time to frame his evidence; but his confession to crime contradicts the relief provided by being silent9 and it is not his role to assist the police to build up a case against him and it is always better to say nothing if in doubt and it does not prove Adrian's guilt. Right exists to avoid self-incrimination and it extends from the moment free movement is terminated either by arrest or by being in police station, till the end of trial. It cannot be said that is very practical in Adrian's case10 although the background of the case is very important and throw further light. "Whether advice to remain silent is the result of a case specific evaluation or whether it is a strategy applied to classes of case or classes of suspect, or whether it is a general strategy applied by certain types of staff utilised for police station advice by some firm of solicitors11" Terrorism laws have undermined the significance of this right. As it stands, while accused is entitled to remain silent, he is also cautioned that during trial adverse inference could be drawn from such a silence, as being silent due to guilt, or planning to fabricate fiction. In Adrian's case, as what he told the court could have as well been told the police as even dislodging of alibi do not exist here. It could also be argued that he deliberately kept silent to misguide the interrogating officers and prosecution. According to research, protecting others too could be a reason for silence. "Although it is often assumed that guilt is the only significantly occurring motive for silence, the present findings suggest that protecting others is a motive in a small but significant proportion of silence cases12." In May, 2000, a couple convicted on drug charges won legal action in European Court of Human Rights over comments of the trial judge on their silence13. ECHR ruled that their fair trial rights were violated by judge's comments on their silence during interrogation14. As they were suffering from heroin withdrawal symptoms, they were asked by solicitor to remain silent15. Judge had given the option of drawing an 'adverse inference' from their silence. Court also ruled that silence is not an absolute right in all cases even though it is accepted as the most fundamental right of the suspects; but was curtailed by Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Failure to mention fact can be allowed to draw inference. QUESTION 2: Robert who had

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Primary Goals of RCRA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Primary Goals of RCRA - Essay Example Subtitle D focuses mainly on the state and the local government. This is because these two entities are charged with the responsibility of regulating planning and overseeing the implementation for solid wastes that are not harmful. This waste range from household garbage to nonhazardous industrial solid wastes. On the other hand, elimination of generated waste focuses on the hazardous wastes. According to this manual, it is this subtitle that came up with a federal program which ensured that hazardous wastes in the U.S were properly managed (U.S Environmental Protection Agency 1990) According to Luther, in the 1980, just a month before the hazardous waste regulation was passed, the RCRA was debated by the congress. Later on, a Representative Tom Bevill introduced an amendment to the solid Waste Disposal Act. This required that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bring to halt the obligation of the toxic waste regulatory constraints for fossil fuel combustion waste until collected data regarding potential dangers it posed on human health could be analyzed. The amendments passed in October 1980 excluded a number of wastes from subtitle C. She has it that, the wastes included refuse from the combustion of coal, solid wastes from the mining and dispensation of mineral resources and minerals, and cement dust. Luther further says that RCRA subtitle D manages wastes effectively and is opted for by many states and industrial organizations. States are able to regulate wastes easily (Luther 2010) In a nutshell, the RCRA oversaw the proper management of the environment in the U.S. It ensured that human health was not tampered with in any way. Organization of the Act into subtitles also ensured that generation of wastes was eliminated. Lastly, it ensured that wastes provided an important resource for the production of

Friday, November 15, 2019

Six History Shaping Beverages History Essay

Six History Shaping Beverages History Essay Tom Standage states in A History of the World in Six Glasses that the course of human history has been shaped by six beverages that are commonplace today. The roles of these beverages beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and Coca-Cola are explained in roughly chronological in the book. Although all of these drinks have helped advance culture, some were more important than others in this respect. In order of importance, the arrangement of the drinks would be quite different. Beer, the most important, was discovered long before the emergence of civilization, when people lived as hunter-gatherers. The transition to farming was a major step towards civilization, and while the reason for it is still controversial, beer seems to have been a factor. One theory suggests that the popularity of beer necessitated a steady supply of grain, which was required to make beer, and brought about the cultivation of it. Because beer was drunk prehistorically while still fermenting and rich in protein and vitamins, it allowed farmers to consume less meat, thus assisting the switch to farming. Furthermore, the Ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians regarded beer as a drink given by gods, which contributed to the conversion of storehouses for surplus food into temples where offerings were made to these gods. Beer was a crucial factor contributing to the conversion to farming, and as a result, the beginning of civilization; it was undoubtedly a major catalyst for advancing cultur e. Coca-Cola, often associated with commercialization and globalization, is the second most important catalyst, especially since globalization is viewed today as an indicator of a high degree of advancement. The beverage evolved from being a strictly American product to its now internationally famous status in just over a century. As its popularity spread throughout the world, it brought many American values, such as liberty, with it. In fact, Coca-Cola was the very embodiment of these values in World War II, during which the Axis countries of Japan and Germany used the drink to portray the United States and the Allies negatively, denouncing the concepts associated with it. Bottles of Coca-Cola contained more than a soft drink; they contained complex ideas that entire governments have been based upon. Next in importance in the line of beverages that influenced history is coffee. Coffee originated in the Arab world, but it had a much greater impact on Europe. More important than the drink, itself was the place that it was often served in: a coffeehouse. In coffeehouses throughout Europe, discussion and debate, as well as gossip, took place. Many people learned of current events in coffeehouses, and others made scientific advancements after academic discussions occurred there. Inevitably, political ideas were also spread in coffeehouses, as in the case of France, in which a revolutionary war for fair rights started at a cafà ©. Coffee, which sharpens the mind, promoted new ideas and discoveries through discussion, and even helped start a revolution. Though not as powerful as beer, Coca-Cola, or coffee were, tea assisted the development of culture. The Industrial Revolution in 18th-century England caused the introduction of numerous factories, and tea, served to the workers of these factories, kept them alert and prevented illness. It also increased the demand for crockery, fueling commerce even more. Tea had a large effect on Asia, specifically China and India. The Opium Wars, the result of the trade of opium because of the demand for tea, ended with China engaging in wider trade with other countries. In India, the cultivation of tea started by the East India Company created a new industry and eventually made India the largest producer of tea in the world. Tea contributed to the advancement of culture by furthering industrialization in several modern-day nations, as well as increasing international trade. In the Mediterranean basin, wine played a moderate role in shaping history, evident in its representation of sophistication in the area at the time. In Greek symposia, wine accompanied intellectual discussion in subjects like literature and philosophy. At some symposia, kottabos, a less academic drinking game, took place instead. Wine was associated with art as well as academics; the amphorae in which wine was stored contained motifs that are now symbols of Greek culture. Additionally, wine became widely drunk in Ancient Rome, where convivia, the Roman counterpart of symposia, took place. In both Greece and Rome, wine helped to differentiate classes higher classes consumed higher-quality wine. This widespread alcoholic drink took the place of beer, promoting intellectual thinking in casual assemblies and emphasizing differences between social classes. Spirits were the least significant beverage discussed by Standage, but nonetheless, they were indispensable drinks that aided the advancement of culture. For instance, grog protected British sailors against scurvy; this helped Britain establish its supremacy at sea. For the English colonies, rum lowered dependence on European imports, as it could be distilled from inexpensive leftover molasses. The Molasses Act of 1733, passed by England to stop the importation of molasses from the French into the colonies, produced negative feelings toward England, and was one of the factors leading to the American Revolution. On the other hand, rum was one of the main currencies involved in the slave trade from Africa, a step backwards in the development of culture. Spirits affected human history both positively and negatively, and while it assisted the advancement of culture, it also hindered it. Beer, Coca-Cola, coffee, tea, wine, and spirits have all had considerable effects on human history. These beverages, which are frequently consumed even now, can tell the story of the progress of civilization solely through their respective roles in it. Some have played a more important part than others in shaping world history, but they have all unquestionably served as catalysts for advancing culture.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations Essay -- Evolution, Social C

â€Å"Postmodern† is a complicated term, and so are â€Å"postmodernity†, â€Å"postmodernism† and â€Å"postmodernist†, and every other term one might come across in the way of evolution. According to Andreas Saugstad (2001) different postmodern theorists may have contrasting opinions and thinkers from different areas may have contrasting definitions of the term â€Å"postmodern†. Thus, the postmodern debates influenced the cultural and intellectual scene in many areas throughout the world. These terms have been used in literature, social studies, philosophy, arts and architecture. On the same hand on cultural level, discussions emerged whether modernism was dead or not and what kind of postmodernism was inheriting it. In the philosophical sphere, according to Steven Best and Douglas Kellner(1991), the erupted discussions were also concentrating on whether or not the traditions of modern philosophy had ended, and many theorists began pra ising a new postmodern philosophy related with Derrida, Jean-Francios Lyotard, Nietzsche, Baudrillard and more. Furthermore, the postmodern debates produced innovative, social and political theories, as well as theoretical struggles to define the multilayered postmodern phenomenon. On the other hand, according to The American Heritage Dictionary (1991) the postmodern can be described as â€Å"relating to art, literature and architecture, that reacts against earlier modernist principles, as by reintroducing traditional, classical or modernist elements of style to the extremes.† According to Steven Connor(1989) the â€Å"postmodern† terminology was firstly used by a number of writers in the 1950s and 1960s, however the concept can’t be said to have taken shape until the 1980s. As Hans Bertens(1995) poin... ...ations. 1st ed. Macmillan education ltd. London. Connor, S, 1989. Postmodern Culture: An introduction to theories of the contemporary. 2nd ed. Oxford: London University. The Free Dictionary. 2013. Postmodern. [online] Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/postmodern [ Accessed on 05 November 2013] Andreas Saugstad, 2001. Postmodernism: What is it and What is wrong with it? [online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/sgummer/what-are-the-characteristics-of-postmodernism-and-its-faults [Accessed on 10 November 2013] Glossary Terms. 2003. Encyclopedia of Marxism. [online] Available at: http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/g/r.htm [Accessed on 10 November 2013] Vineet Prakash, 2007. Essay on Postmodernism. [online] Available at: http://www.preservearticles.com/201106127844/1125-words-free-sample-essay-on-post-modernism.html [Accessed on 08 November 2013]

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Impact of Mass Media on Children Essay

Too much media attention focuses on the impact of sex and violence on children. The assumption seems to be that if the media stopped showing sex and violence on television and in films–and now video games are the culprit–the world would be a better place. Sometimes the argument goes further. If the media instead presented quality family and religious programming, children would grow up to be moral people. Both of these ifs are based on the premise that the media makes us do things that we don’t want to do. The scenario in the 1950s played out like this: We have two good teenagers; They listen to Rock ‘N Roll music; The music stimulates their animal instincts; They have sex. They didn’t want to; the music made them. Today the scenario goes like this: The boy is good; The boy plays video games; The boy becomes a crack shot; The boy goes to school and shoots his classmates; He didn’t want to; violent video games made him. I agree that the video games and the music have an impact on children. From the video games†¦and television†¦and films, the child learns the signifiers of violence. Similarly, the media teaches us the signifiers of sexuality. Once those signifiers become signifieds stored in our memories, that learning can’t be unlearned this side of suffering a brain injury. However, no single signifier stands alone. Individuals interpret each signifier as part of a mental schema. The final influence for a given individual to choose antisocial behavior may be the video game or the music. Or it might be the chocolate doughnut. With billions of people in the world, somebody somewhere is likely to be motivated to action by just about anything. To blame the media for individual behavior is missing the point and simplifies the issues. Just getting the â€Å"bad† messages out of the media is not going to create a â€Å"good† society. The media is an influence The media does have an influence on children; the same impact it has on all of us: 1. The media teaches us the signifiers of the culture and what they mean. 2. The media sets an agenda which directs our attention to the issues that the media managers think are important. 3. The media teaches us ideology by offering us solutions to binary oppositions. Let us look at each of these points separately and see what the impact could be on children. Here are two typical sets of signifiers found in our culture. The images of Jennifer Anniston from Seventeen (August 2000) teach the signifiers of sexuality, feministic and gender. Whether those signifiers have a positive or negative impact on a given individual depends on individual past experience. One person may read her images as cultural definitions of â€Å"cute.† A victim of sexual abuse may interpret the signifiers as an invitation to arouse notice. A person who knows the signifiers of pornography may read the images as indicating availability. The CD cover to the right teaches the signifiers of gender and masculinity. The images create an association of masculinity with violence and weapons. Both images put signifiers into the culture, set an agenda and offer solutions to binary oppositions to the children to whom they are targeted. Teaches signifiers. From watching violent films, television, and playing violent video games, we all learn how to be violent. Similarly, we learn the signifiers of sexuality and what those signifiers mean. How we interpret those signifiers is going to depend on our own past experiences. Children who are sexually abused are going to read sexual signifiers differently than children whose parents demonstrate a loving, caring relationship and explain sexual behaviors to their children. Similarly, children who were physically abused or who live in violent neighborhoods also will bring their past experiences to any media experience. In short, the past experiences of children help determine what impact the media’s images have on children. What this means is that the media can’t make mass murderers or schoolyard shooters, but if a child decides to go in that direction, the media helps teach them how to do it. Sets the Agenda. An analysis of mass media becomes a bit scary at this point. What are the three dominant topics presented in the media? Sex, Violence and The Consumer Culture. This is what we are telling children is important. Offers Solutions to Problems. Now things become really scary–at least to me. Let’s look at this media effect in three ways: 1. The media constantly presents the binary opposition of good vs. evil. This is particularly true in many cartoons, such as â€Å"Batman† or â€Å"G.I. Joe,† or some other superhero scenario. In each case, society is held hostage by evil. The average person can do nothing. Only the superhero can defeat evil through the use of violence. But, there’s a limit to what even the superhero can do. If the good guys destroy evil, then the premise of the cartoon is over. The heroes win but evil continues. Here are the lessons being taught: Evil exists to destroy good and so the world is a conflict between good and evil. Most of us cannot do anything against evil; therefore, we are easy victims. We must give control over to superheroes who can wage war on evil. Violence is the solution to problems. 2. True love is the solution to all personal problems. Remember the â€Å"Jerry MaGuire† line: â€Å"You complete me†? â€Å"True love† means only one person in the world exists for each person. The current cliche â€Å"soul mate† sums up this way of thinking. Here are the lessons being taught: If there is only â€Å"one† person for each person, how do you explain an attraction to another person? Today’s economy constantly puts men and women together in high pressure, stimulating circumstances. We are psychologically and physiologically wired to respond to members of the opposite sex. Sooner or later, most people in our culture will be placed in an interpersonal context that can easily assume the â€Å"feelings† of love because body chemistry is responding to the closeness of the other person. If a person needs someone to â€Å"complete† that individual, what happens when the part that needs completing feels incomplete again? The fault lies with the relationship. No doubt all of us need someone some of the time, but a person with serious, unresolved personal issues is probably incapable of forming a healthy relationship in the first place. When the first partner fails to fill the personal hole, then the incomplete person will go in search for another â€Å"completer.† Is it any wonder that so many failed relationships exist? Is it any wonder that so many teens engage in premarital sex since â€Å"love† is the solution so often offered by the media? Why is the media hooked on love? Love motivates us to purchase so many products–from toothpaste to diamonds–so that we can offer our ideal selves to another person instead of the actual people we are. Plus, it is easy for the media to connect sex and love. What was the name of the last new movie you saw where sex didn’t follow once the lead male and female fell in love? As Maslow argues, sex is a strong motivator†¦strong enough to convince people to spend money to acquire sexual attractiveness, and, by extension, love. 3. Finally, the media offers violence as the method chosen by men. The movie industry presents us with Tom Cruise, Wesley Snipes, Al Pacino, James Bond, and the list goes on and on. In sports, we have Sunday football and Wednesday wrestling. The History Channel presents the heroes of World War II. A & E and Discovery channels prove the power of cops through their programming. According to the media, such men are heroes. They protect their families. They are honored by those around them. They are rewarded with the most attractive women available. Any boy unwilling to engage in violence can not be a â€Å"man.† Girls also have something to learn. They need a â€Å"man† to protect them from becoming victims of rape and violence. As cheerleaders stand on the sidelines cheering on the team, they are taught to reward the guys who prove they are men. Conclusions The media teaches children the signifiers of sex, violence and consumerism. The media tells children it is important to think about these three things because these are the topics the media most often places into the agenda. Finally, either sex, violence or a product offers a solution to every problem.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Anne Hutchinson, Early American Religious Dissident

Anne Hutchinson, Early American Religious Dissident Anne Hutchinson was a leader in religious dissent in the Massachusetts colony, nearly causing a major schism in the colony before she was expelled. Shes considered a major figure in the history of religious freedom in America. Dates: baptized July 20, 1591 (birth date unknown); died in August or September of 1643 Biography Anne Hutchinson was born Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire. Her father, Francis Marbury, was a clergyman from the gentry and was Cambridge-educated. He went to prison three times for his views and lost his office for advocating, among other views, that the clergy be better educated. Her father was called by the Bishop of London, at one time, an ass, an idiot and a fool. Her mother, Bridget Dryden, was Marburys second wife. Bridgets father, John Dryden, was a friend of the humanist Erasmus and an ancestor of the poet John Dryden. When Francis Marbury died in 1611, Anne continued to live with her mother until she married William Hutchinson the next year. Religious Influences Lincolnshire had a tradition of women preachers, and theres some indication that Anne Hutchinson knew of the tradition, though not the specific women involved. Anne and William Hutchinson, with their growing family eventually, fifteen children several times a year made the 25-mile journey to attend the church served by the minister John Cotton, a Puritan. Anne Hutchinson came to consider John Cotton her spiritual mentor. She may have begun holding womens prayer meetings at her home during these years in England. Another mentor was John Wheelwright, a clergyman in Bilsby, near Alford, after 1623. Wheelwright in 1630 married William Hutchinsons sister, Mary, bringing him even closer to the Hutchinson family. Emigration to Massachusetts Bay In 1633, Cottons preaching was banned by the Established Church and he emigrated to Americas Massachusetts Bay. The Hutchinsons oldest son, Edward, was part of Cottons initial emigrant group. That same year, Wheelwright was also banned. Anne Hutchinson wanted to go to Massachusetts, too, but pregnancy kept her from sailing in 1633. Instead, she and her husband and their other children left England for Massachusetts the next year. Suspicions Begin On the journey to America, Anne Hutchinson raised some suspicions about her religious ideas. The family spent several weeks with a minister in England, William Bartholomew, while waiting for their ship, and Anne Hutchinson shocked him with her claims of direct divine revelations. She claimed direct revelations again on board the Griffin, in talking to another minister, Zachariah Symmes. Symmes and Bartholomew reported their concerns upon their arrival in Boston in September. The Hutchinsons tried to join Cottons congregation on arrival and, while William Hutchinsons membership was approved quickly, the church examined the views of Anne Hutchinson before they admitted her to membership. Challenging Authority Highly intelligent, well-studied in the Bible from the education provided her with her fathers mentorship and her own years of self-study, skilled in midwifery and medicinal herbs, and married to a successful merchant, Anne Hutchinson quickly became a leading member of the community. She began leading weekly discussion meetings. At first these explained Cottons sermons to the participants. Eventually, Anne Hutchinson began reinterpreting the ideas preached in the church. Anne Hutchinsons ideas were rooted in what was called by opponents Antinomianism (literally: anti-law). This system of thought challenged the doctrine of salvation by works, emphasizing the direct experience of a relationship with God, and focusing on salvation by grace. The doctrine, by relying on individual inspiration, tended to elevate the Holy Spirit above the Bible, and also challenged the authority of the clergy and of church (and government) laws over the individual. Her ideas were counterposed to the more orthodox emphasis on a balance of grace and works for salvation (Hutchinsons party thought they overemphasized works and accused them of Legalism) and ideas about clergy and church authority. Anne Hutchinsons weekly meetings turned to twice a week, and soon fifty to eighty people were attending, both men and women. Henry Vane, the colonial governor, supported Anne Hutchinsons views, and he was a regular at her meetings, as were many in the colonys leadership. Hutchinson still saw John Cotton as a supporter, as well as her brother-in-law John Wheelwright, but had few others among the clergy. Roger Williams had been banished to Rhode Island in 1635 for his non-orthodox views. Anne Hutchinsons views, and their popularity, caused more of a religious rift. The challenge to authority was especially feared by the civil authorities and clergy when some adherents to Hutchinsons views refused to take up arms in the militia which was opposing the Pequots, with whom the colonists were in conflict in 1637. Religious Conflict and Confrontation In March of 1637, an attempt to bring the parties together was held, and Wheelwright was to preach a unifying sermon. However, he took the occasion to be confrontational and was found guilty of sedition and contempt in a trial before the General Court. In May, elections were moved so that fewer of the men in Anne Hutchinsons party voted, and Henry Vane lost the election to deputy governor and Hutchinson opponent John Winthrop. Another supporter of the orthodox faction, Thomas Dudley, was elected deputy governor. Henry Vane returned to England in August. That same month, a synod was held in Massachusetts which identified the views held by Hutchinson as heretical. In November 1637, Anne Hutchinson was tried before the General Court on charges of heresy and sedition. The outcome of the trial was not in doubt: the prosecutors were also the judges since her supporters had, by that time, been excluded (for their own theological dissent) from the General Court. The views she held had been declared heretical at the August synod, so the outcome was predetermined. After the trial, she was put into the custody of Roxburys marshal, Joseph Weld. She was brought to Cottons home in Boston several times so that he and another minister could convince her of the error of her views. She recanted publicly but soon admitted that she still held her views. Excommunication In 1638, now accused of lying in her recantation, Anne Hutchinson was excommunicated by the Boston Church and moved with her family to Rhode Island to land purchased from the Narragansetts. They were invited by Roger Williams, who had founded the new colony as a democratic community with no enforced church doctrine. Among Anne Hutchinsons friends who also moved to Rhode Island was Mary Dyer. In Rhode Island, William Hutchinson died in 1642. Anne Hutchinson, with her six youngest children, moved first to Long Island Sound and then to the New York (New Netherland) mainland. Death There, in 1643, in August or September, Anne Hutchinson and all but one member of her household were killed by Native Americans in a local uprising against the taking of their lands by the British colonists. Anne Hutchinsons youngest daughter, Susanna, born in 1633, was taken captive in that incident, and the Dutch ransomed her. Some of the Hutchinsons enemies among the Massachusetts clergy thought that her end was divine judgment against her theological ideas. In 1644, Thomas Weld, on hearing of the death of the Hutchinsons, declared Thus the Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from this great and sore affliction. Descendants In 1651 Susanna married John Cole in Boston. Another daughter of Anne and William Hutchinson, Faith, married Thomas Savage, who commanded the Massachusetts forces in King Philips War, a conflict between Native Americans and the English colonists. Controversy: History Standards In 2009, a controversy over history standards established by the Texas Board of Education involved three social conservatives as reviewers of the K-12 curriculum, including adding more references to the role of religion in history.   One of their proposals was to remove references to Anne Hutchinson who taught religious views that different from the officially sanctioned religious beliefs. Selected Quotations As I do understand it, laws, commands, rules and edicts are for those who have not the light which makes plain the pathway. He who has Gods grace in his heart cannot go astray. The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God. I conceive there lies a clear rule in Titus that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away? Do you think  it not lawful for me to teach women and why do you call me to teach the court? When I first came to this land because I did not go to such meetings as those were, it was presently reported that I did not allow of such meetings but held them unlawful and therefore in that regard they said I was proud and did despise all ordinances. Upon that a friend came unto me and told me of it and I to prevent such aspersions took it up, but it was in practice before I came. Therefore I was not the first. I am called here to answer before you, but I hear no things laid to my charge. I desire to know wherefore I am banished? Will it please you to answer me this and to give me a rule for then I will willingly submit to any truth. I do here speak it before the court. I look that the Lord should deliver me by his providence. If you please to give me leave I shall give you the ground of what I know to be true. The Lord judges not as man judges. Better to be cast out of the church than to deny Christ. A Christian is not bound to the law. But now having seen him which is invisible I fear not what man can do unto me. What from the Church at Boston? I know no such church, neither will I own it. Call it the whore and strumpet of Boston, no Church of Christ! You have power over my body but the Lord Jesus hath power over my body and soul; and assure yourselves thus much, you do as much as in you lies to put the Lord Jesus Christ from you, and if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity, and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. He that denies the testament denies the testator, and in this did open unto me and give me to see that those which did not teach the new covenant had the spirit of antichrist, and upon this he did discover the ministry unto me; and ever since, I bless the Lord, he hath let me see which was the clear ministry and which the wrong. For you see this scripture fulfilled this day and therefore I desire you as you tender the Lord and the church and commonwealth to consider and look what you do. But after he was pleased to reveal himself to me I did presently, like Abraham, run to Hagar. And after that he did let me see the atheism of my own heart, for which I begged of the Lord that it might not remain in my heart. I have been guilty of wrong thinking. They thought that I did conceive there was a difference between them and Mr. Cotton... I might say they might preach a covenant of works as did the apostles, but to preach a covenant of works and to be under a covenant of works is another business. One may preach a covenant of grace more clearly than another... But when they preach a covenant of works for salvation, that is not truth. I pray, Sir, prove it that I said they preached nothing but a covenant of works.   Thomas Weld, on hearing of the death of the Hutchinsons: Thus the Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from this great and sore affliction.   From the sentence at her trial read by Governor Winthrop: Mrs. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society. Background, Family Father: Francis Marbury, a clergyman in the Church of EnglandMother: Bridget DrydenHusband: William Hutchinson (married 1612; well-to-do cloth merchant)Children: 15 in 23 years Also known as Anne Marbury, Anne Marbury Hutchinson Bibliography Helen Auger. An American Jezebel: The Life of Anne Hutchinson. 1930.Emery John Battis. Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1962.Thomas J. Bremer, editor. Anne Hutchinson: Troubler of the Puritan Zion. 1981.Edith R. Curtis. Anne Hutchinson. 1930.David D. Hall, editor. The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638. 1990, second edition. (Includes records from Hutchinsons trial.)Winifred King Rugg. Unafraid: A Life of Anne Hutchinson. 1930.N. Shore. Anne Hutchinson. 1988.William H. Whitmore and William S. Appleton, editors. Hutchinson Papers. 1865.Selma R. Williams. Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson. 1981.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Internal Equity Essays

External /Internal Equity Essays External /Internal Equity Paper External /Internal Equity Paper The main purpose of this project is to point out the relationship between external equity in discussing pay versus benefits, and also to investigate the best compensation package (with special focus on external market competitiveness and internal equity) that will be of benefit to recruit and retain productive and motivated staff members. Key words: external equity, compensation, internal equity, motivation CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1 Equity Theory Basically, employees make comparison of their job inputs (Effort, experience, education, competence) and outcomes (Salary levels, raises, recognition) relative to those of others. Individuals tend to make comparison of their outcome-input ratio with the outcome –input ratio of relevant others. A state of equity exist when individuals perceive that their ratio is equal to relevant others, while inequity exist when the ratio are not the same. This led to the theory of social equity been proposed by J. Stacy Adams (1963) based upon Festinger’s (1957) theory of cognitive dissonance, that has received considerable attention in the organizational behavior literature (Vecchio 1981). According to Adams (1963), an employee brings to a job certain inputs (such as education, experience, training, and skill), and receives certain outcomes (such as intrinsic and extrinsic rewards). Inequity occurs when an individual perceives that the ratio of his or her outcomes to inputs is not equal to the ratio of some referent other, such as a work peer (Adams 1965). Individuals can feel inequity exists when they are undercompensated or overcompensated relative to their referent other (Walster, Berscheid, and Walster 1973). When inequity is perceived, individuals may experience distressanger or resentment in the case of under compensation and guilt in the case of over compensation (Austin and Walster 1974). Evidence suggests that individuals may base perceptions of equity on a number of comparison others (Ronen, 1986; Hills, 1980; Middlemist Peterson, 1976). ased on common choices of comparison others, there are at least three distinct types of equity: external equity, internal equity, and employee equity. For the purpose of this project external and internal equity will be addressed. 1. 2 EXTERNAL EQUITY External equity exists when an organizations pay rates are at least equal to the average rates in the organization’s market or sector. Employers want to ensure that they are able to pay what is necessary to find, keep and motivate an ade quate number of qualified employees. Creating a compensation structure that starts with competitive base pay is critical. Limited evidence suggests that managers at higher organizational levels may use external comparison others more than managers at lower organizational levels (Ronen, 1986; Heneman, Schwab, Standal, Peterson, 1980). This may occur because greater participation in professional networks at higher levels may make inputs and outputs of external others more salient. One way organizations achieve external equity is through the use of labor market pay surveys (Davis, 1997). . 3 INTERNAL EQUITY Internal equity exists when employees in an organization perceive that they are being rewarded fairly according to the relative value of their jobs within an organization. Another way of stating this is to say that a person’s perception of their responsibilities, rewards and work conditions is seen as fair or equitable when compared with those of other employees in similar positions in the same organization. Fac tors such as skill level, the effort and the responsibility of the role, as well as working conditions are considered. Although employees use internal as well as external comparison others (Andrews Henry, 1963; Finn Lee, 1972), their relative importance is unclear. Finn and Lee (1972) found that employees using internal comparison others were more satisfied with pay than those using external others. However, Hill (1980) found that people tended to use either internal and external referents or neither. One way organizations achieve internal equity is through the use of job evaluation plans. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 COMPENSATION According to Tanushree Sanwal (2009), compensation is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an integral part of human resource management which helps in motivating the employees and improving organizational effectiveness. Adequate compensation also serves the need for attracting and retaining the best employees. It is an organized practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. Compensation does not include only salary but it is the sum total of all rewards and allowances provided to the employees in return for their services. compensation management philosophy believes in satisfying the various needs of an individual, such as social needs, psychological needs, safety needs, self-actualization needs etc. In absence of compensation it may not be possible to attract suitable people to work for the organization. Compensation helps in running an organization effectively and accomplishing its goals. Modern day organizations need to design the compensation systems aligning with the business goals and strategies. Three strategic objectives of compensation of particular importance are: (1) attracting and retaining the talent required for a sustainable competitive advantage, (2) focusing the energy of employees on implementing the organization’s particular competitive strategy, and (3) improving productivity 2. 1 THE ROLE OF HR According to schuler and Jackson (2006) human resources is responsible for setting the compensation system in the whole organization, monitor it and do a proper follow up, when the compensation system does not work properly. HR introduced several procedures to measure the fairness in compensation in the organization. HR introduced job design and job evaluation to compare different jobs across the organization. There are two ways of determining the levels of pay according to Thorpe and Holman (2000). The first is to focus on the labor market and to pay everyone at around the market rate. In this case, there is a comparison with employees in other organizations and it is called external equity (Hume, 1995). The second as its first priority the organizational goals and supports a reward system according to the organizational objectives and considering the job evaluation. In this case, there is a comparison of employees in the same organization and it is called internal equity (Hume, 1995). It is supported that the most dissatisfied employees are those who face internal inequity, namely when senior managers are generously paid and the other employees feel the unfairness (Hume, 1995). 2. 2 EXTERNAL EQUITY IN COMPENSATION. The organization competes with other employers to attract, hire and retain the best employees. It has to offer a competitive salary package to make employees feel satisfied and prevents them from looking for job elsewhere. The external equity is about keeping the personnel expenses budget under control and securing the position of the organization in the pay market. Most organization do not choose to pay more than the competitors, but they want to pay in-line with competitors and they choose the median for most job positions. Most of the times, the market rate is considered to be most efficient approach. In most competitive markets, there is no other choice but to pay the market rate in order to attract qualified staff and to ensure satisfaction. Furthermore, according to Thorpe Homan (2000), small organizations with growth potential can attract new employees by promising a greater share of rewards and better career as the company will expand successfully in the future. However, supply and demand differ substantially among market resulting in significant variation in wages across labor markets. Schuler and Jackson (2006) pointed out factors that could contribute to wage differences among markets. They are geographical location, union status, industry sector, organization size, company prestige, product competition, education and experience level of available work force, licensing or certification requirements called for by the job. A combination of the factors determines the labor market for a particular job. 2. 3 INTERNAL EQUITY IN COMPENSATION. Internal equity in compensation is more important than external equity for many organizations. The unfairness in the compensation inside the organization is more visible. It is supported that the most dissatisfied employees are those who face internal inequity, namely when senior managers are â€Å"generously paid and the other employees feel the unfairness (Hume, 1995). Internal equity is about proper job design and job evaluation and setting the same compensation principle for the comparable job across the organization. The performance related compensation components are the usual source of the differences in the pay for the comparable job positions as human resources has to co-operate with line managers for a better understanding of the business and also set a better bonus pay. Schuler and Jackson (2006) pointed out job related factors that could be used to set compensation levels. They are education required, experience required, physical demands, responsibility for equipment/materials, responsibility for safety of others, supervisory/managerial responsibility, working conditions, accident or health hazards, public contact, manual dexterity. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 PAY EQUITY: Internal and External Considerations. 3. 1 COMPANY VIEW Basically, companies emphasize external equity in setting a compensation structure. For example, a 1975 Bureau of National Affairs study shows that over 80% of both small and large firm ranked external effectiveness as their most compensation objective. This emphasis on external equity demands the availability of high quality of labor market data. Because labor market tend to be highly variable, difficult to track, difficult to describe, companies are forced to participate in elaborate, costly wage surveys to get the data they need. However, companies are beginning to recognize limitations associated with focusing on external equity as the primary basis for setting compensation objectives. A 1985 study by the conference board showed that employers are starting to consider internal factors as more important that the external factors in setting wage level. These companies recognize that over emphasizing external equity may detract from important internal equity considerations. 3. 2 EMPLOYEES VIEW Individual view equity differently from the way organization views it. While organizations make comparison with other organization, individuals compare their pay with others within the same establishment. For this reason perception of internal equity can influence an organization compensation objective, much more than external issues. A study conducted in 1972 by Allan N. Nash adds insight to this issue. The result showed that 80% of employees indicated that they will be angered if they found themselves paid less than others in same establishment In addition to pay, there are many things that influence employee perception of equity. Study shows that workers often rank job security, working conditions, advancement opportunity, management appreciation, relationship with co-workers, and flexibility of working hours or job assignment ahead of pay. In summary, it appears that employees may look at compensation equity from a different view point than that of their employers. Companies go to great length to establish mechanism for accessing pay practices in other companies, while employees are primarily concerned with pay equity in their own company. 3. 3 EXPERT OPINION The following statement indicates the opinion of some compensation experts. The first two supports external equity, while the last two favors internal equity. â€Å"In most cases it makes sense to focus on external pay comparison as the major as the major criteria to determine compensation levels. Both internal and external and inequity have serious consequences for the organization. However the consequences of external inequity†¦are more severe for the organization and they are the ones that deserve primary attention† (Edward E. lawler 1981). â€Å"We feel it is important to underline the sovereignty of external equity influence on wages over internal equity influence. Certainly the power of a wage or salary to attract employee is based solely on external equity considerations. The retention power of a wage or salary is also influenced heavily by external equity considerations. When external and internal equity considerations are in conflict, we suspect †¦. that external equity takes precedence† (Mark. J Wallace and Charles f. hay 1983). â€Å"Most pay comparison research suggests that it is probably more important to have internal equity than external equity. Employee can seemingly grasp of whether they think they are fairly paid by a particular employer through looking at other jobs in that organization than they can by weighing external information†(Thomas h. Patten 1977). â€Å"Experience seems to indicate that establishment of compromise rate in case of conflict is probably the solution. Internal consistency is more important than strict external competitiveness† (Milton. A . Rock 1984). CONCLUSION My findings suggest that there is no right or wrong answer in which should be the primary consideration external or internal equity for formulating compensation objectives. According to a study conducted by Government of Canada huma n resource council, a good compensation strategy includes a balance between internal equity and external competitiveness. Compensation and benefits affect the productivity and happiness of employees, as well as the ability of your organization to effectively realize its objectives. It is to your advantage to ensure that your employees are creatively compensated and knowledgeable of their benefits. The long term need is to establish both a strategic organization wide pay level policy that specifically addresses a company’s approach to pay relative to marketplace (external equity), and an internal job evaluation methodology for use in assessing the relative value of each job in an organization (internal equity).. Kent Romanoff et al. In conclusion, HR should consider a two way approach in setting wage levels. External data should be used to establish strategic guidelines for overall company pay policy. In addition, a second job evaluation methodology should be used to determine the value of a company’s job. This establishes internal equity. .

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Value of a college education Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value of a college education - Scholarship Essay Example The greatest achievement of education lies in the percolation of thoughts and implementation of those thoughts into our daily lives. And the exact value of college education lies there. College education does not fall under compulsory education. The term, ‘college education’ is a huge umbrella term and might indicate the areas like graduation or post-graduation. College education falls under the broad head of higher education and essentially indicates the attainment of perfection in any precise field after receiving the formal education in school. College education falls under tertiary or third stage of education and mainly includes undergraduates and post-graduate courses. Vocational education and training also falls under this broad head. The value of college education is immense. It helps to perfect the fundamental knowledge and excel the quest of knowledge that one is set off to receive in any particular field. In college education, the choice of the subject depends upon the interest of the candidate pursuing or intending to pursue any particular course and this enables to open up a wider and enlightened vista pertaining to that subject. The college education helps to find the path; the way out through which the education received at that level can be implemented or percolated through menial chores of life.

Friday, November 1, 2019

Literature College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Literature College - Essay Example In this kind of struggle we will see that a deep sense of pride in their heritage and culture is the power that enable them to counter the prejudices and priorities of the white dominant culture and help them preserve what they value most, regain what they were deprived of and find their place in the modern world. Carol Geddes (2007) recounted such a struggle. She reminisced her growing years as a native in their home in the Yukon Bush and the experiences of living in a culture where family, the extended kind, was of paramount importance. She recalled the most heart warming memory as the "feeling of acceptance" and "security in every pair of arms" that carried her, as children were wont to be carried and passed upon during those times (Geddes 86). And this experience was something magnified and replicated in their whole village (Geddes 87). The advent of the Alaska Highway presaged the end of their way of life; and the "tremendous upheaval for Yukon native people" (Geddes 88) was beyond the intelligence or concern of the whites. While the family culture did not vanish the socio-physical dislocation introduced elements - alcoholism, absentee parent, epidemics, broken family - that began to threaten it (Geddes 88). The concept of education along with religion - meant to bring about the best in people - were the very ones that seek to crucify to death the native's sense of personal worth. Geddes recalled one incident in school where the teacher, either ignorant or unmindful of the Indian boy- girl social role, asked her to answer a question her cousin was not able to answer, something unthinkable in Indian society, and which devastated both her and her cousin. She recalled how subject assignment without giving the native students prerogative to choose cast them as "stupid" and she remembered how the experience was "terribly undermining" (Geddes 90). Another aspect that ran conflict with white's dominance and touched the very core of their being was their sense of identity as a people. Another native Canadian, Thomas King (2007) recalled how as a young boy of twelve her mother could not be intimidated to declare herself as Canadian but insisted on identifying her citizenship as Blackfoot before Border Immigration Officers, both from the Canadian and American

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hinduism - Essay Example Partly as a result of this war and the Holocaust, the state of Israel was founded. Anyone of the Jewish faith can become a citizen of Israel. At present Jews live in many different countries of the world. Their contributions to science, the arts, economics and virtually every other sphere of human activity has been huge. Indeed, their success may be part of the reason that people have persecuted them for so long. Hinduism refers in general to the civilization of the Hindus – who were the original inhabitants of the land of the Indus river. The word â€Å"Hindu† was invented by British writers in about a830, and is in general used to describe Indian civilization over the last 2000 years. The Hindu religion is the third largest in the world, with about 1 billion adherents. In contrast to Judaism, Hinduism does not have a single set of religious beliefs or a main founder, but rather encompasses many different religious rituals and practices. Most Hindus follow the Vendata philosophy and believe in a cosmic spirit called Brahman. It is worshipped in many different forms such as the Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti. There are many different religious texts within Hinduism, the most famous of which is probably the Bhagavad Gita. In general, Hinduism can be portrayed as either polytheistic (many gods) or henotheistic (a personalized god and god as an idea). The Brahman cannot be described in words according to much inHind Hindu scripture, but can only be understood through direct experience. The interview location was the Hindu Temple of Chattanooga, which is known as Sanatan Mandir. This temple has been in existence about ten years and welcomes Hindus of various persuasions. The temple is located on Boney Oaks drive in the city. I was born forty years ago in Bombay, India. I moved to the USA for graduate studies in engineering, married an American and am now an American citizen. I have lived in

Monday, October 28, 2019

Ethics, Euthanasia and Canadian Law. Utilitarianism Theory, Morality Essay Example for Free

Ethics, Euthanasia and Canadian Law. Utilitarianism Theory, Morality Essay Utilitarianism Theory Introduction v. Latimer Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case study is about Mr. Latimer and the actions he did in the name of ending the pain and torture that Tracy, his twelve-year daughter, was going through. Tracy suffered from Cerebral Palsy; it was due to this that Tracy was quadriplegic. She was not able to do anything on her own and therefore used to rely on other people for assistance. Feeding herself was difficult; hence, it was the family’s responsibility to ensure that their daughter did not sleep hungry. Ever since she was born, Tracy had undergone two surgeries, which according to Mr. Latimer had caused more pain to her than before. When Mr. Latimer was told that His daughter was to undergo another surgery, he was not comfortable with this idea since it meant even more pain for Tracy. It was because of this that Mr. Latimer decided to end his daughter’s life by exposing her to carbon monoxide. Later on Mr. Latimer confessed to killing his daughter and it was because of this that he was accused of second degree murder and issued a 10-year jail term, which was in accordance with the Criminal code. Morality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my opinion, Mr. Latimer was morally right when he decided to end his daughter’s life. Since he was the parent, he knew exactly the pain that Tracy was going through. Latimer knew that the surgeries that his daughter was being subjected to were doing her more harm than good. This is because she was only a twelve-year old and such pains were unbearable. It is obvious that Latimer loved his daughter; this is because he allowed two surgeries to be performed on her. Mr. Latimer had the perception that the surgeries would improve Tracy’s life but this never happened, instead, it made her life unbearable. Due to this, Mr. Latimer was against another surgery since it meant additional pain and suffering. Hence, in my opinion, ending his daughter’s life was the moral thing to do as a parent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The verdict made on Mr. Latimer was morally wrong. This is because the jury never stopped for a while to consider the pain that this girl used to undergo on a daily basis. According to Bauslaugh (2014), it would be wrong to equate Latimer to a murderer. This is because unlike other murderers who are malicious, Latimer ended his daughter’s life out of love and mot malice. By deciding to end his daughter’s life, which was always painful, Latimer was morally right. Ending a person’s life in order to end the pain that one is going through has always been referred to as euthanasia. Medical practitioners have practiced euthanasia for decades and it is still active to date. In order to embrace morality, the jury would not have paid much attention to the fact that Latimer committed murder but on the main reason that prompted him commit the act. Utilitarianism and Formalism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Perez and Moore (2012), whereas utilitarianism is the process where one does an act that he or she beliefs is morally right, Formalism is the act where one’s actions are either right or wrong. The main difference between utilitarianism and Formalism is that whereas Utilitarianism first considers the reasons behind certain actions, it is different with formalism. This is because unlike utilitarianism, Formalism never considers morality or the reasons why one committed a certain actions. This is because in formalism, one’s actions are either right or wrong. Utilitarianism Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my opinion, instead of formalism, the Court would have embraced the utilitarianism theory before making the final rulings. According to Perez and Moore (2012), utilitarianism always puts into consideration the happiness of the majority. Happiness is usually a byproduct of one’s action and not a defensible principle. According to studies, before making any conclusions, it is usually vital that one acts in a manner that creates happiness to many people (Perez Moore, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Perez and Moore (2012), people are often distinguished on their level of morality, when faced with a moral dilemma; a moral person usually calculates the amount of happiness that his or her actions will cause. For instance, had the jury been moral, it would have stopped to consider the consequences of the rulings before accusing Latimer of second degree murder and finally sentencing him to prison. Latimer’s sentence received a lot of uproar from the public; this is because many people were not happy with the manner in which the ruling was made (Bauslaugh, 2014). Since utilitarianism puts into consideration the happiness of the majority, it becomes evident that one does not consider the repercussions that he or she might face because of the actions made (Perez Moore, 2012). References Bauslaugh, G. (2014). Ethics, Euthanasia and Canadian Law. Retrieved on 26 October 2014 from file:///C:/Users/David/AppData/Local/Temp/Ethics,%20Euthanasia%20%20Canadian%20Law%20%20%20%20Robert%20Latimer.html Perez, D. W., Moore, J. A. (2013). Police Ethics: A Matter of Character. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning. Source document

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Dying at a Young Age :: Death Youth Accidents Essays

Dying at a Young Age Death can occur at any age or period in a person’s life. Death is a natural part of life that everyone will one day have to face. So why does it seem so different when a young adult or adolescent dies in comparison to an older adult? Is it so different? My brother lost two of his best friends in the last three years. One in a car accident and one to a terminal illness. I also lost my best friend in a car accident. In this paper we will look at why people consider it so different when a younger person dies, as well as what is appropriate behavior in dealing with death. MT was a fourteen year old boy that was entering his freshman year of high school. MT was very athletic and active young man. One day MT, used to the usual severe headaches that he sometime got, blacked out. His parents rushed him to the emergency room. The doctors believed it was just a seizure. After a couple weeks in the hospital MT was released from the hospital just before Thanksgiving. On Thanksgiving day MT blacked out again. He was again rushed to the hospital. This time doctors believed it was a tumor, but had to wait for the swelling in the brain to go down to do surgery. MT went into a coma, which he never came out of. The doctors finally figured out MT had a rare disease called Moa-Moa. The disease caused the blood vessels in the brain to burst. MT died five days before his fifteenth birthday. CO, a typical high school senior, thought he was invincible. CO decided to drag race one of his friends. As they went around a forty-five mile per hour curve at eighty miles per hour CO left the road. CO was instantly killed as two passengers walked away with a few cuts and bruises. MW, a twenty year old college student, was on her way home for the summer break. MW looked up to see another car in her lane trying to pass a semi.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Investigating Financial Control Essay

Task one The three different types of costs are fixed cost, variable cost and total cost. For all of the diverse types of costs there are also dissimilar calculations to work out each type of revenue. Fixed cost does not change no matter how much they produce, even if the business produces 1 or 1,000,000,000 it will always stay the same. Examples of fixed costs are rent, salaries, rates and loan payments. Variable cost change with the level of production. In order to work out the total variable cost you have to times together the quantity and the variable cost. Also, to determine the total cost you have to add the fixed cost and the variable cost. The meaning of Start up cost is the money you need to start up the business. Running cost always varies because of the level of stock changes and you have to pay for workers. In the case of Kiren and Zaiba, salaries are used as a fixed cost because they don’t change with the level of output. Heating and lighting are used as a variable cost because the variable cost change with the level of production. The sum: Fixed cost + variable cost = total cost which is 6,000 in the scenario. The definitions for the following words are: Profit What is left when all costs incurred in making and selling a product are deducted from the revenue gained from that sale. It acts as the reward to the entrepreneur, usually the owner of the business, who has provided the capital. It is usually the net profit after tax which represents the surplus for the owners of the business and is paid as a dividend to shareholders. Profit maximization is seen as one of the major objectives of a business, although it is more likely to be an objective for the investors in a business, than for its managers or employees. It might be for those groups that profit acts as a constraint, while higher sales orhigher wages and salaries are more important objectives Net profit: This is the amount of sales revenue that a business earns less all the costs involved in achieving that revenue, including both direct costs and expenses. The net profit figure represents the figure for profit before taxation or a dividend are further deducted, and shows how successful a business has been in generating profits from its trading activities. Gross profit The figure obtained on the profit and loss account when the cost of goods sold is deducted from the sales revenue of a business, but it does not take into account any of the expenses of running a business such as wages, distribution costs or administration costs. Fixed cost Variable cost Total cost Rent  £800 Heating and lighting  £200 Salaries  £1400 Advertising  £50 Insurance  £210 Administration  £50 Rates  £150 400 CD’s  £2800 Loan repayments  £290 Telephone  £50  £2850  £3150  £6000 Task 2 Kiran & Zaiba analysis: In task two I used excel to work out the break even point, at diverse costs. The fixed costs were the same because I only have done break even for one month. The quantity is going up in one hundreds. I calculated the variable cost by multiplying the quantity by 6 which came out to be going up in six hundreds. I calculated the total cost by adding the fixed cost by the variable cost; in this case it was increasing by six hundred. To calculate the sales revenue, I had to multiple the quantities by 12, which was increasing by 1200. To calculate profit or loss, I subtract sales revenue from total cost. According to the information on my table Kiran & zaiba have to sell 1000 CD’s to break even. Break even is when the cost is 6000 and the quantity is 6. In the following table I have changed the fixed cost to 6950 because the following values increased: the rate increased to  £300 also, the telephone increased to  £100, advertising to  £125 and the lighting and heating increased to  £425. Using the contributing method I will calculate the following data to achieve how much CD’s will be needed to break even. In order to do this I will have to use the following equation 6950 divided by 6. The sum equals 1158. So they will have to sell 1158 to break even. This means that they will have to increase sales. Advantages of break even analysis Disadvantages of break even analysis Break even can be used to predict profit It price suddenly changed it wouldn’t take it in Break even can be used to determine financial needs For example, If petrol prices go up the break even will not show the increase. Keep track of profits and losses. It is a forecast which means that the data is predicted. Gives you ideas for selling prices (if you made a lot of money at that period of time). It helps to calculate profits Helps to make decisions on prices I think that break even is very useful because: It assists you to figure out your profit Helps you by giving you assumptions of prices It is extremely significant in that if you are taking into consideration to applying for a loan. Gives you a clear impression of prices TASK 3 Analysis for cash flow forecast I will now construct the cash flow forecast I have now prepared an annual cash flow forecast using monthly data I have also included the loan in January. The table looks like this for a regular cash flow forecast: image00.png The sales become irregular due to an immense amplify in downloading and sharing music. The irregular cash flow forecast should look like this: image01.png Cash flow forecast is extremely significant and has many uses. For example, it helps the bank manager to keep up to date; it helps managers to plan ahead and it also determines if there is a problem with the cash flow by resolving the difficulty. Regular cash flow shows: That there is not a problem with the cash flow because the opening bank balance is always increasing, so the profit is rising. The main objective for a cash flow forecast is to see whether there is a profit or loss. Currently, I have identified that with the regular cash flow there is not a problem because all the numbers are increasing, meaning that a profit has been achieved. Irregular cash flow forecast shows that: The opening bank balance starts with zero; it then rises immensely in February to 11300. Then it starts to decrease steeply all the way to December, leaving the opening bank balance drawn to a close with -37470. This is bad for the business because now they are not making a profit The total cash inflows, starts of with 18000 in January. Then it starts to reduce in each and every month, until it comes to December where it increases to 2700 from November. This is consequently leading them to a loss. The total cash outflows contrast from low to high in that, in January it is 6700 and then increases enormously to 9500 in December. The Implication of the problem is that there is an increase in people who tend to download and share music. This will inevitably affect their sales. This will also consequently make Kiran and Zaiba fall to lose a profit. Because of this problem Kiran and Zaiba are making a loss of  £43,920. The implication to the problem is that, In order to reject the lost, I recommend that The other way around this is to increase the number of quantities, in order to sell more and increase profit. Or, lower maintenance costs and launching a download website so you can attract costumers worldwide. Task 4 The documents which Kiran and Zaiba will need to sequence sales and purchasing from order to receipt of goods are: Issues by the purchaserIssued by the seller Delivery note- accompanies the goods. Is signed by purchaser as proof of delivery. Sales invoice- gives full details of goods, prices, discounts, VAT Credit note- issued if goods are returned or to adjust any over- charges on the invoice. Statement of account- summarises all transactions and states balance owning. Remittance advice – summarises the account for return with cheque payment Cash receipt- issued to confirm cash payment has been received Purchase order- lists items required and price for each. Goods received note- lists items received. Purchaser tells seller if any shortages or damage Cheque or electronic transfer- to pay balance on statement I am now going to describe the manual and electronic ways of recording financial transaction that Kiran and Zaiba could use: Predominantly, most Kiran and Zaiba’s transactions are mostly recorded electronically because they are developed either by an electronic cash register or by computer. The advantage of recording transaction for Kiran and Zaiba indicate that any linked documents are printed mechanically. Kiran and Zaiba may want to take the alternative route by considering keeping manual records which are then kept by businesses that would not find it valuable to buy a cash register or use a computer system. Even people who receive payments in a customer’s home- such as service engineers- are now more likely to record the transaction on a laptop than carry a receipt book with them. Kiran and Zaiba want and need to prevent fraud because they are a minute business. To terminate these frauds they will have to have: A thoughtful staff selection which are trustworthy to procedure which includes character references. A â€Å"whistle- blowing† scheme where workers are compensated for reporting fraud. The system should guarantee that information is treated confidentially. An unambiguous policy on dealing with fraud. Scam is usually considered to be â€Å"gross misconduct† (which means disgusting bad behaviour) for which workers can be fired instantaneously as part of the disciplinary procedure. Task 5 The strengths of a cash flow forecast are that: It helps the bank manger to keep up to date It records how much money you have It gives you ideas to plan ahead Demonstrates how much money you have at the present time The forecasts of sales and cash flow, and hence crucial abundance of profit, will be vital on which the prospective bankers will assess the upcoming feasibility of the business. It follows that these forecasts will come under crucial inspection and significant judgement. The importance of cash inflows is so you distinguish how much value of money is going towards the inside of a businesses bank account at a particular time. An example for this could be: the income Kiran and Zaiba make for selling CD’s. The strengths of break even are: It helps you see where you have an increase or decrease in your profit. Keeps you informed Break even engrosses discovering what would occur if there were changes to cost of revenues. The types of questions the boss would ask are: Is it possible for Kiran and Zaiba to increase sales by 5% and still make a profit even if sales fall? If by reducing sales by 10% will this effect Kiran and Zaiba? Say if Kiran and Zaiba shift of to an inexpensive property, how would this affect our profits? There is many different ways in which, to record this information. For instance, Manual recording principally used by businesses that, tend not sense that it is advisable to buy a cash register or computer. (For example, If Kiran and Zaiba don’t sell as much CD’s then, they may find it simpler to record these manually). Also, there is an alternative route which is, to record by electronically, which means that associated documents are printed mechanically. This could be beneficial if Kiran and Zaiba are selling lots of CD’s. Cash flow indicates the amount of money received and spent over time. This is significant in that, you will then be aware of how much income is in the bank. If Kiran and Zaiba have an enormous demand they can amplify there sales because there are not adequate CD’s. They could charge more which is better for the business because they are making more profit. But if there is too much CD’s then they could reduce prices to sell more, thus allowing them to make profits. Just to add, the main objective for any business is to make a profit. So, Kiran and Zaiba will want to do so. To do this, Kiran and Zaiba may want to take this into consideration that they may want to reduce their sales in order to sell more and to attract more costumers.